tokenpocket下载链接|onement vi
tokenpocket下载链接|onement vi
他画一条线能卖一亿美元,还影响了极简主义! - 知乎
他画一条线能卖一亿美元,还影响了极简主义! - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册他画一条线能卖一亿美元,还影响了极简主义!时尚芭莎艺术纽曼《 Canto XV from 18 Cantos 》,1964年很多人看到纽曼(Barnett Newman)的作品,脱口而出的第一句话都是:“这也是艺术?”甚至很多人会说“连我家孩子都会画”。但纽曼给大家的启发恰恰是,学会问“什么是艺术”。二战后,美国成为了一个超级大国,一个新的、异于欧洲传统的、打破了对“美”的固有理念的艺术表现形式——抽象表现主义应运而生。艺术家保罗·克利就曾经说过:“世界变得越可怕,艺术就变得越抽象。”波洛克《One: Number 31》, 1950年抽象表现主义的画作往往具有反叛、无秩序、超脱于虚无的感觉,而巴尼特·纽曼则被称为是抽象表现主义艺术家中最为理智的艺术家之一。千回百转在抽象表现主义画派中还有很多细小的分支,与以波洛克、德·库宁等人为代表的行动画派不同,纽曼、罗斯科、斯蒂尔等人的风格则被称为色域绘画。罗斯科《Untitled》,1968年纽曼是最早绘制大面积色块的画家之一,但在进行色域绘画之前,他进行了很多尝试。纽曼《galaxy》,1949年纽曼《The Third》,1964年纽曼1905年出生于纽约,来自一个波兰的犹太人家庭。在高中的时候,他便对艺术产生了浓厚的兴趣,他常常逃课去参观博物馆、看各类美术展览,并加入了“艺术学生联盟”进行绘画的研究和学习。艺术家纽曼纽曼在大学攻读哲学专业的同时,辅修了绘画课程。不过,纽曼在大学毕业以后并没有从事和艺术相关的工作,而是来到了父亲的服装厂上班。在此之后,他还从事过美术代课教师、剧团经理、建筑绘图员等等职业,甚至热心文化事业的他在1933年还自己提名参加过一次纽约市长的竞选。1956年之前,纽曼没有卖出过几幅作品,做过的工作也都收入微薄,还常常失业在家。他为了能够找到一份稳定且收入乐观的工作,曾三次参加艺术教师资格证考试,但都以失败告终。谁能想到,日后对很多艺术家都影响深远的纽曼,会在第三次考试时,水彩画测试只得了33分。但这些,都没有打击到纽曼在艺术上的积极性。“拉链”上世纪30年代初,纽曼正式开始创作。最初,他在抽象表现主义的影响下也画过一些抽象作品,但是并没有自己的特色,这让他十分痛苦,所以纽曼将自己早期的作品几乎都销毁了,一共只留下了100多幅作品给世人。纽曼《The Blessing》,1944年纽曼《Untitled》,1945年后来,纽曼在创作上一直没有突破,他便暂时放弃了绘画,转身投入到自然科学的研究当中,并为抽象表现主义撰写艺术评论、组织展览等。在这期间,他结识了波洛克、罗斯科等人,并与他们成为了挚友。纽曼笔下的罗斯科纽曼《Moment》, 1946年。这时候“拉链”就已经开始出现了,但还不够成熟。从1948年开始,纽曼终于找到了自己的绘画风格。当时他创作了一幅名为《Onement I》的作品,统一的暗镉红背景下,一条细细的亮镉红色带垂直地深入到了画面的中心。纽曼《Onement I》,1948年这是第一次有艺术家用这样的做法来定义作品的空间结构。对于这幅作品纽曼曾说:“我意识到这里有些名堂,可以有一个新的开始。”此后,纽曼便不断探索这种用线条将大面积色块分隔开来的画法,这些线条也被他自己称之为:“Zip”(拉链)。这些看似“随手一画”的线条,纽曼有时会花费长达几个星期的时间去推敲、琢磨。看似简单的画面,实则非常复杂。线条的位置、粗细、肌理可以形成无数的可能,在构图上同时起到了分割和聚合的作用。纽曼《Onement III》1949年纽曼《Covenant》,1949年纽曼的作品不仅仅是在追求一种造型和色彩,与蒙德里安和马列维奇一样,纽曼相信精神艺术的抽象内涵。他曾在许多文章中写道:“(艺术家)以他的欲望、他的意志来建立有序的真理,那便是他对生命与死亡的神秘性态度的表达。可以说,艺术家像一个真正的创造者那样探究宇宙。也恰恰是这一点,使得他成为一个艺术家。”纽曼《亚当》,纽曼是忠诚的犹太教徒,他早期很多作品都是无题,之后开始用《圣经》中的一些人物来命名。所以,这些垂直地从画布的一边通往另一边的光带可以让人想起在文学作品中,光常常作为创造的象征而出现。“拉链”不仅描绘了上帝最初的姿势,还可以被看做是描绘人类本身,就像纽曼非常喜欢贾科梅蒂的那些骨感的人体雕塑一样。纽曼《Two Edges》,1948年1950年,纽曼在被誉为抽象表现主义画家大本营的贝蒂·帕森斯画廊,举行了首次个展。之后在一个聚集了24位抽象表现主义画家的艺术讨论会上,纽曼说:“从一定程度上,我们正处在以我们自己的图像改造世界的过程中。”部分抽象表现主义艺术家合影在此之后,纽曼还常常利用艺术评论来扩大自己在艺术上的影响力,让更多人知道和了解他所创立的新的绘画形式。在《新美学前言》中,纽曼就曾这样写道:“除空间以外,最喧嚷的是什么?我的绘画既不关心空间的摆布,也不关心形象,而是关心时代的感觉。”纽曼《The Voice》,1950年由于纽曼在大学的时候修读哲学,所以他认为,“艺术的真正价值就在于解决‘生死、主观与客观、悲剧’等这些哲学问题”。红黄蓝在纽曼早期的作品中,被分隔的色块是斑驳变化的,从“拉链”的边缘也能看出抖动的痕迹。但随着《是谁在害怕红黄蓝》系列作品的出现,这些色块渐渐成为平整的纯色,线条也变得更加垂直,越来越细。在晚期,纽曼更是改用丙烯颜料,使得画面的色彩饱和度更高,且不会产生细小龟裂纹。纽曼《是谁在害怕红黄蓝III》《是谁在害怕红黄蓝III》由最基本的三原色构成,红色占据着整幅作品的大面积,给人一种强烈的视觉冲击,边缘的黄色有着明显的手绘痕迹,给人一种向外辐射的趋势感,相反蓝色有一种内向的聚合性。德国色彩心理学家Heinrich Frieling说,蓝色等于吸气,黄色等于吐气,而红色就是积极的行动。纽曼《是谁在害怕红黄蓝II》,259.1×304.8cm《是谁在害怕红黄蓝III》高达5.5米,可以说是十分壮观。纽曼创作了很多尺幅巨大的作品,如为了纪念他死于1965年的母亲而创作的《安娜之光》,就足足有6.11×2.76m。纽曼《安娜之光》,1968年纽曼曾明确地强调过,观众必须要在一个很近的距离观察他的作品。与其把作品放在空旷的大厅内,纽曼更希望它们被挂在狭窄的走道上。由于没有退后总揽整个画面的多余空间,观众便会直面充满着大色块的作品,让人产生一种几乎被整个画面吞噬的恐惧和惊愕感。纽曼《Canto XV from 18 Cantos》,1964年一位研究纽曼的学者尤里曾说,或许,纽曼想要创作的不仅仅是“一幅画”,而是“一个地方”。纽曼希望观众可以感受到一种“崇高”的视觉体验,并且与绘画产生关系,意识到自己的存在。 “对于一个真正的艺术家来说,就在于能不能营造空间感,伟大的作品能带给你空间感,这是人类精神维度的基石。”纽曼《The Wild》,243×4.1cm,1950年纽曼关于规模的概念,对很多雕塑家的创作理念都有着深远影响。他觉得,艺术作品的尺幅大小(size)并不重要,重要的是规模(scale)。艺术家James Turrel作品艺术家Anish Kapoor作品纽曼自己也创作过一些雕塑作品,这些作品为认为是三维的“拉链”。其中最有名的是创作于1963年的《残破的方尖碑》,一块倒置的方尖碑其顶端与一座金字塔型椎体的顶端平衡相对。深远影响与斯蒂尔的不规则色块、罗斯科横扫的三色块不同,纽曼并不像他们那样重视画笔的笔触,他硬朗又边际分明的大面积色块被公认为对“后绘画抽象主义”、 “极简主义”等现代派画家产生了重大影响,如伊夫·克莱因、画家弗兰克·斯特拉、美国“极简主义”雕塑家唐纳德·贾德、“极简主义”之父鲍勃·劳尔等。伊夫·克莱因作品弗兰克·斯特拉作品其实,纽曼在世时一直都不被看好,由于色彩过于简单,当时的人们更欣赏色彩鲜明的波洛克的作品。他的作品不仅卖不出去,有时还被拒绝参展,甚至作品曾被人恶意破坏。但幸运的是,纽曼有一个无条件支持他的妻子。在纽曼去世9年后,妻子省吃俭用为他建立了巴尼特·纽曼基金,以资助艺术创作的方式把纽曼的艺术思想传递下去。因为她相信,总有一天,会有人读懂纽曼作品。纽曼《Be I》,283.2×213.4cm,1970年上天总是会眷顾那些“有心人”,1985年,一位不知名的美国收藏家在苏富比拍卖行购得纽曼的作品《尤利西斯》之后,他的绘画开始逐渐受到世人的重视和认可。2013年,纽曼的最大尺幅作品《安娜之光》以1.057亿美元的高价卖出,在世界最贵绘画作品中排名第17位。同年,《Onement VI》在纽约苏富比拍卖行以0.438亿美元的价格成交。2014年,纽曼的另一幅作品《黑火I号》又被一名神秘买家以0.842亿美元的价格拍得。纽曼《Onement VI》,304.8×259.1cm,1953年一定有人会问,“画一条线就能卖这么多钱吗?”其实,这样的艺术作品无论以什么价格卖出,都远远不及它真正的价值。每次看到这样的艺术作品,与其急着去批判、嗤之以鼻、说自己欣赏不来,不如试着去思考和了解,或许就会发现作品背后所蕴含的深意。阅读更多原创内容请订阅微信公众号“芭莎艺术”(ID:bazaarartchina)编辑于 2017-05-20 12:57艺术现代艺术美术赞同 20244 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请
巴尼特·纽曼 | 他画一条线就卖了一亿美元,凭什么?
巴尼特·纽曼 | 他画一条线就卖了一亿美元,凭什么?
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巴尼特·纽曼 | 他画一条线就卖了一亿美元,凭什么?
2017-10-22 00:02
来源:
墅城会
原标题:巴尼特·纽曼 | 他画一条线就卖了一亿美元,凭什么?
如果注定会成功,
那么晚一点也没关系。
巴尼特·纽曼
提到抽象派绘画,
你会首先联想到,
哪一位艺术家?
二战以后,
由抽象观念衍生的各种形式,
抽象派绘画成为20世纪最流行、
最具特色的艺术风格,
而抽象绘画又大致可分为,
几何抽象与抒情抽象两大流派。
展开全文
蒙德里安《Red, Blue, and Yellow》,1930年
其中,几何抽象流派,
又以蒙德里安为代表。
有人喜欢蒙德里安作品中,
冷峻的几何美学,
但又有人说,
他的画在别人眼中,
总是挺有距离感的,
甚至有些缺乏人情味。
蒙德里安《百老汇爵士乐》,1942-1943年
但今天我们要说的主人公,
不是蒙德里安,而是抽象绘画流派
另一位重要的艺术家巴尼特·纽曼
(Barnett Newman)。
巴尼特·纽曼
当你第一眼看到
巴尼特·纽曼的作品时,
心中肯定是这样想的:
“这不就是一条线吗?我也能画!”
纽曼《Be I》, 1949年
但就是这样的“一条线”,
使得他的作品《安娜的光》,
于2013年被一位不知名的神秘买家,
以约1.057亿美元的价格私下成交,
目前该画排在世界最贵绘画的第17位。
纽曼《安娜之光》,1968年
2013年5月14日,
纽曼的油画《Onement VI》,
在纽约苏富比拍卖行,
以0.438亿美元的价格,
被一名神秘买家收购。
纽曼《Onement VI》,1953年
2014年5月13日,
又有一位不知名的神秘买家,
以0.842亿美元的价格,
在纽约佳士得拍卖公司,
拍得纽曼的油画《黑火1号》。
纽曼《黑火1号》,1961年
就是这样,
原来默默无闻的纽曼,
突然有3幅作品闯入,
世界最贵100幅画的行列,
引起世人轰动,
由此纽曼一举成为,
国际绘画市场的新宠儿。
纽曼《是谁在害怕红黄蓝II》
你可能会在想,
纽曼的画作不过寥寥一两条线,
怎么就卖出一亿美元的天价了?
纽曼《Onement I》,1948年
比如他的《Onement III》,
你可能认为纽曼只需要花几分钟,
就能画出这一条线了。
但私房姐相信,
一切绝没有那么简单。
纽曼《Onement III》,1949年
1905年1月29日,
纽曼出生于美国纽约曼哈顿,
父母是来自波兰的犹太移民。
高中时的纽曼,
便展现出对艺术的浓厚兴趣,
经常逃课到纽约大都会博物馆,
看各类美术展览,
并加入“艺术学生联盟”,
学习、研究绘画。
后来纽曼在纽约城市学院
攻读哲学专业,
并辅修绘画课程,
该校一共出过11位诺贝尔奖得主,
而纽曼则由于经常逃课,
大多数课程都是勉强及格,
所以他在校时,
绝对谈不上是一名好学生。
大学期间,纽曼就已经开始创作一些抽象作品,只不过当时的作品还不够成熟,当时他的偶像是马克·罗斯科。
即便到现在,我们也总是能在纽曼的作品中找到罗斯科色域绘画风格的影子。
马克·罗斯科《Ochre and Red on Red》,1954年
纽曼《Two Edges》,1948年
1927年,
稀里糊涂毕业后的纽曼,
曾到父亲开的服装厂上班。
没想到的是,
1929年纽约股市大崩盘,
他父亲的服装厂也因此陷入困境。
在此之后,纽曼转行,
从事过美术代课教师、
剧团经理、建筑绘图员、
作家和评论家等多种工作,
甚至热心文化事业的他,
还在1933年给自己,
提名参加过一次纽约市长的竞选。
困境潦倒的纽曼,
没有卖出过几幅作品,
做过的工作也都收入微薄,
还常常失业在家。
谁能想到,这位未来对很多艺术家,
都有着深远影响的抽象艺术大师,
考了三次艺术教师资格证,
都以失败告终,
还在第三次考试时,
水彩画测试只得了33分。
即便生活屡屡受挫,
纽曼却始终执着地,
追求着自己的艺术创作。
画室里堆了一幅又一幅的作品,
日复一日,年复一年,
后来又因为不满意,
几乎全被纽曼毁了。
日子最艰难的时候,
他甚至得靠妻子微薄的工资度日。
但这所有的一切,
并没有阻止纽曼在未来,
成为一名伟大的画家。
最初,纽曼的作品,
在当时的艺术大潮中,
是个不折不扣的“非主流”,
极简的外形、未标示的主题、
去物质化的表现形式……
说白了,当时艺术界,
对他的作品压根就不认可。
纽曼《Canto X from 18 Cantos》,1964年
不过,
成功的道路,
总是离不开环境的造就。
二战后的美国,
抽象画派的“异军突起”,
让世界艺术的中心,
由巴黎转到了纽约。
杰克逊·波洛克《One: Number 31》, 1950年
纽曼的春天就这样到来了。
抽象画派的代表人物美国画家杰克逊·波洛克、马克·罗斯科和德·库宁等人,这些人的作品已成为当今国际艺术市场拍卖的中坚力量,当然其中也包括纽曼。
纽曼《The Wild》,1950年
当然,打铁还需自身硬,
就是这么简单的几笔,
纽曼或许就得花上半年、
甚至一年的时间去画,
他也并没有用尺子作画,
也没有套用任何格式,
来测度出这些图案,
而凭借的只是他几十年来,
艺术实践所积累下来的判断力。
你可以根据画作表面漂亮的肌理,
上面的笔触清晰可见,
看出它们是手工绘制的,
色彩也从来不是现成颜料直接挤出来了事,
而是各种颜料混合后细腻层叠出来的效果。
纽曼用垂直的细线,
来分隔大块的色彩,
他称这种细小的线条,
叫“Zip(拉链)”,
这种称呼虽然有点无趣,
但确实非常形象生动。
这些抽象的硬边绘画,
拥有极强的空间感,
简单,却又耐人寻味。
纽曼《Canto XV from 18 Cantos》,1964年
尽管抽象绘画流派自诞生以来已经过去了将近半个世纪,但关于这个复杂的流派一直缺乏某种有说服力的理论阐释。
不仅对于公众来说,抽象表现主义的欣赏和接受是困难的,即使对于艺术史和评论界,抽象主义的价值和意义所在也是含糊不清。
而在抽象表现主义画派的画家内部,也存在不同的风格和观念。
但纽曼始终相信精神艺术的抽象内涵,并认为艺术之美在于充满着神秘感与不可知的东西。
“艺术家以他的欲望、他的意志来建立有序的真理,那便是他对生命与死亡的神秘性态度的表达。可以说,艺术家像一个真正的创造者那样探究宇宙。”
纽曼“形而上学”的艺术作品,
还影响了当时众多艺术大师。
1962年,伊夫·克莱因受纽曼创作于1953年的《Onement VI》的启发,干脆把其中的竖线去掉,创作了一系列单色绘画作品引起国际绘画界的轰动,其画中所用的蓝色甚至被国际上命名为“国际克莱因蓝”。
伊夫·克莱因
伊夫·克莱因作品
法国艺术家Reine Paradis的“克莱因蓝”摄影作品
不仅如此,
艺术和时尚从某种程度上,
是一对渊源已久的双生子,
GIADA创意总监Gabriele Colangelo,
就在GIADA 2017春夏系列中,
大量运用了纽曼艺术作品中的元素。
纽曼的“Zip”与GIADA 2017春夏系列
一天,Gabriele Colangelo来到纽约大都会艺术博物馆,当他目睹纽曼画中那种简约大气,但又充满色彩的冲击力和野性的笔锋的结合,便想起了现代成功女性的特质——姿态优雅却又带着干练的风度。
GIADA 2017春夏系列
于是他将纽曼的艺术作品,
结合到自己的设计当中。
神秘而独立的光带,
将画面一分为二,
一如男性与女性,
或者是古老与现代的艺术碰撞。
GIADA 2017春夏系列
或许,具有超前意识的人,注定是孤独的。
纽曼在世时一直不被看好,直到1985年,一位不知名的美国收藏家在苏富比拍卖行购得纽曼的《尤利西斯》之后,纽曼的绘画才逐渐受到世人的重视和认可。
纽曼《尤利西斯》,1952年
目前,纽曼的作品不仅被拍出高价,而且在世界各地的重要美术馆都有收藏。
包括纽约现代艺术博物馆、纽约大都会博物馆、华盛顿美国国家艺术博物馆、加拿大国家美术馆、伦敦泰特美术馆、柏林国家博物馆、哈佛大学艺术博物馆等等。
尽管纽曼对未来可能会发生什么,
没有高屋建瓴的感知,
但他却仍然没有放弃艺术创作,
哪怕是在生命的最后几年。
1970年7月4日,
纽曼因心脏病复发去世,
享年65岁。
去世时在他工作室的墙上,
还留着未完成的巨幅遗作
《是谁在害怕红黄蓝IV》。
纽曼《是谁在害怕红黄蓝IV》
虽然纽曼在世时,
其画作不被理解,
饱受孤独之苦,
但是他又是幸运的,
因为,上帝给了他一个,
一生坚定不移支持他的伟大妻子。
纽曼与他的妻子
纽曼去世9年后,他的遗孀通过节衣缩食设立了巴尼特·纽曼基金,以资助艺术创作的方式把纽曼的艺术思想传递下去。
因为她坚信,只要纽曼的精神之火不灭,总有一天,人们会读懂并欣赏他的作品。
如果注定会成功,
那么,晚一点也没关系。
我们能做什么返回搜狐,查看更多
责任编辑:
平台声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,搜狐号系信息发布平台,搜狐仅提供信息存储空间服务。
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Onement VI, 1953 - Barnett Newman - WikiArt.org
Onement VI, 1953 - Barnett Newman - WikiArt.org
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Onement VI
Barnett Newman
Date:
1953; United States
Style:
Color Field Painting
Genre:
abstract
Media:
oil
Dimensions:
259.1 x 304.8 cm
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Barnett Newman's Onement VI sells for a record price at Sotheby's
Barnett Newman's Onement VI sells for a record price at Sotheby's
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Home › Blog › Barnett Newman’s Onement VI sets records at Sotheby’s
Barnett Newman’s Onement VI sets records at Sotheby’s
galleryIntell
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New York auction season sets yet another record.
Sotheby’s New York seems to be doing things just right these past several seasons as the auction house secured several significant artworks by the brightest stars of Abstract Expressionism and set public sale records for Gerhard Richter and Barnett Newmann.
Last night Tobias Meyer, head of Sotheby’s contemporary art department worldwide and the event auctioneer, sold the brilliant blue canvas by Barnett Newman “Onement VI” to an anonymous bidder for a total of $43.8 million thus breaking the artist’s previous record of $22.5 million set by Christie’s just a year ago.
Onement VI – the single panel electric blue 8.5 foot by 10.5 foot canvas completed in 1953 and featuring Newman’s signature vertical zip, was consigned to Sotheby’s by Paul Allen, the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft. Allen acquired the painting in 2000 from a private collector for an unnamed sum. It’s rare that an artist sees such dramatic price ascension in such a short time, but less than a sign of market confidence, the final result can be seen as a potential return to speculation on a specific art historical segment. Abstract Expressionism has been the most stable market segment seeing consistent price increases and interest from buyers. Since this is a finite market with a pre-determined number of A level works, buyers are more likely to make an investment into a work by Mark Rothko, Richard Diebenkorn, Barnett Newman, Franz Kline and others than in any other segment and feel a certain sense of confidence in their ROI.
According to the New York Times the buyer of Gerhard Richter’s “Domplatz, Mailand [Cathedral Square, Milan]”, 1968, another record setter of the evening, Donald L. Bryant, a New York businessman, plans to hang it in his yet to be completed house in Napa Valley. The painting sold for combined total of $37.1 million which is a ten-fold increase of the previous sale price of $3.6 million in 1998.
Among other successful sales of the evening was a gray-scale work by Cy Twombly, a Donald Judd installation, a signature white painting by Robert Ryman and several works by Yves Kline, including a blue sponge sculpture and works on paper.
Of the 64 works offered at last night’s auction 11 failed to find buyers, including the mystifying “sculpture” of Hoover vacuums by the darling of the contemporary art market Jeff Koons. We are looking at this development as the step in the right direction.
This article © galleryIntell.
Tags: AbEx, Abstract Art, Auctions, Barnett Newman, Blog, Sotheby's
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巴内特·纽曼的《Onement VI》真的值这么多钱吗,这是艺术圈的「造星」运动,还是艺术性的必然? - 知乎
巴内特·纽曼的《Onement VI》真的值这么多钱吗,这是艺术圈的「造星」运动,还是艺术性的必然? - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册艺术巴内特·纽曼的《Onement VI》真的值这么多钱吗,这是艺术圈的「造星」运动,还是艺术性的必然?正如格哈德·里希特这样的拍卖会宠儿,这些所谓大家的画作真的这么值钱吗,如果不是,那么为什么他们的拍卖价会比很多已知著名画家(如莫奈)的画作价格还高?拍…显示全部 关注者79被浏览9,259关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题添加评论分享5 个回答默认排序王琨 关注艺术的本质就在于它的主观性,决定艺术价值的因素多的难以计数,所以要建立一个评定艺术价值的体系几乎是不可能的。一个人或者一个社会会在它认为重要的事物中发现价值,例如一个有宗教信仰的人会认为能产生精神启示的艺术具有巨大的价值,而一个喜爱炫耀财富的人则会认为艺术大师的经典作品更具价值。可见品味、喜好、背景等因素都与价值息息相关。发布于 2014-03-29 18:21赞同 1添加评论分享收藏喜欢收起知乎用户画作的价值,本来就是个飘忽的数字。仅以图案传达的信息来说,原作和仿作并无区别。因此,如果我们认为“艺术”存在于画作蕴含的图像信息里,那与这4000万匹配的就不可能是”艺术“本身,否则我拍一张原作的高清照片,得值多少个4000万美元啊?同样的,贝多芬的曲谱手稿可以卖出数十万欧元的高价,远超一张黑胶唱片的价格,但即便我们承认读谱是一种享受,原稿也不见得好过印刷清晰的副本。从这里我们可以看到,艺术原作的价值,与其说是一个艺术问题,不如说隐含着更多社会和心理学的机制。购买艺术品原作并不意味着占有艺术价值本身,但却让购买者获得了一种置身于伟大艺术传统的满足感,仿佛与厚重的历史源流的合二为一。更简单地说,收藏家高价收购艺术品不是为了欣赏艺术本身,而是为了让自己成为艺术史的一部分,与艺术品一同不朽。编辑于 2014-05-22 07:55赞同 5添加评论分享收藏喜欢
画一条线就卖了一亿美元,还影响了一代艺术大师,凭什么?! - 知乎
画一条线就卖了一亿美元,还影响了一代艺术大师,凭什么?! - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册画一条线就卖了一亿美元,还影响了一代艺术大师,凭什么?!艺维ArtHUB艺开多维度,融情财智生原文链接:如果注定会成功那么晚一点也没关系。提到抽象派绘画,你会首先联想到,哪一位艺术家?二战以后,由抽象观念衍生的各种形式,抽象派绘画成为 20 世纪最流行、最具特色的艺术风格,而抽象绘画又大致可分为,几何抽象与抒情抽象两大流派。其中,几何抽象流派,又以蒙德里安为代表。但今天我们要说的主人公,不是蒙德里安,而是抽象绘画流派另一位重要的艺术家巴尼特 · 纽曼。巴尼特 · 纽曼Barnett Newman1905年1月29日-1970年7月4日出生于美国纽约曼哈顿抽象表现主义的代表之一色域绘画流派的先锋人物当你第一眼看到巴尼特 · 纽曼的作品时,心中肯定是这样想的:" 这不就是一条线吗?我也能画!"纽曼《Be I》, 1949 年但就是这样的 " 一条线 ",使得他的作品《安娜的光》,于2013年被一位不知名的神秘买家,以约1.057亿美元的价格私下成交,目前该画排在世界最贵绘画的第17位。纽曼《安娜之光》,1968 年2013年 5月14日,纽曼的油画《Onement VI》,在纽约苏富比拍卖行,以 0.438 亿美元的价格,被一名神秘买家收购。纽曼《Onement VI》,1953 年2014年5月13日,又有一位不知名的神秘买家,以0.842亿美元的价格,在纽约佳士得拍卖公司,拍得纽曼的油画《黑火 1 号》。纽曼《黑火 1 号》,1961 年就是这样,原来默默无闻的纽曼,突然有3幅作品闯入,世界最贵100幅画的行列,引起世人轰动,由此纽曼一举成为,国际绘画市场的新宠儿。纽曼《是谁在害怕红黄蓝 II》你可能会在想,纽曼的画作不过寥寥一两条线,怎么就卖出一亿美元的天价了?纽曼《Onement I》,1948 年比如他的《Onement III》,你可能认为纽曼只需要花几分钟,就能画出这一条线了。但私房姐相信,一切绝没有那么简单。纽曼《Onement III》,1949 年1905年1月29日,纽曼出生于美国纽约曼哈顿,父母是来自波兰的犹太移民。高中时的纽曼,便展现出对艺术的浓厚兴趣,经常逃课到纽约大都会博物馆,看各类美术展览,并加入 " 艺术学生联盟 ",学习、研究绘画。后来纽曼在纽约城市学院攻读哲学专业,并辅修绘画课程,该校一共出过 11 位诺贝尔奖得主,而纽曼则由于经常逃课,大多数课程都是勉强及格,所以他在校时,绝对谈不上是一名好学生。大学期间,纽曼就已经开始创作一些抽象作品,只不过当时的作品还不够成熟,当时他的偶像是马克 · 罗斯科。即便到现在,我们也总是能在纽曼的作品中找到罗斯科色域绘画风格的影子。马克 · 罗斯科《Ochre and Red on Red》,1954 年纽曼《Two Edges》,1948 年1927年,稀里糊涂毕业后的纽曼,曾到父亲开的服装厂上班。没想到的是,1929年纽约股市大崩盘,他父亲的服装厂也因此陷入困境。在此之后,纽曼转行,从事过美术代课教师、剧团经理、建筑绘图员、作家和评论家等多种工作,甚至热心文化事业的他,还在1933年给自己,提名参加过一次纽约市长的竞选。困境潦倒的纽曼,没有卖出过几幅作品,做过的工作也都收入微薄,还常常失业在家。谁能想到,这位未来对很多艺术家,都有着深远影响的抽象艺术大师,考了三次艺术教师资格证,都以失败告终,还在第三次考试时,水彩画测试只得了 33 分。即便生活屡屡受挫,纽曼却始终执着地,追求着自己的艺术创作。画室里堆了一幅又一幅的作品,日复一日,年复一年,后来又因为不满意,几乎全被纽曼毁了。日子最艰难的时候,他甚至得靠妻子微薄的工资度日。但这所有的一切,并没有阻止纽曼在未来,成为一名伟大的画家。最初,纽曼的作品,在当时的艺术大潮中,是个不折不扣的 " 非主流 ",极简的外形、未标示的主题、去物质化的表现形式……说白了,当时艺术界,对他的作品压根就不认可。纽曼《Canto X from 18 Cantos》,1964 年不过,成功的道路,总是离不开环境的造就。二战后的美国,抽象画派的 " 异军突起 ",让世界艺术的中心,由巴黎转到了纽约。杰克逊 · 波洛克《One: Number 31》, 1950 年纽曼的春天就这样到来了。抽象画派的代表人物美国画家杰克逊 · 波洛克、马克 · 罗斯科和德 · 库宁等人,这些人的作品已成为当今国际艺术市场拍卖的中坚力量,当然其中也包括纽曼。纽曼《The Wild》,1950 年当然,打铁还需自身硬,就是这么简单的几笔,纽曼或许就得花上半年、甚至一年的时间去画,他也并没有用尺子作画,也没有套用任何格式,来测度出这些图案,而凭借的只是他几十年来,艺术实践所积累下来的判断力。你可以根据画作表面漂亮的肌理,上面的笔触清晰可见,看出它们是手工绘制的,色彩也从来不是现成颜料直接挤出来了事,而是各种颜料混合后细腻层叠出来的效果。纽曼用垂直的细线,来分隔大块的色彩,他称这种细小的线条,叫 "Zip(拉链)",这种称呼虽然有点无趣,但确实非常形象生动。这些抽象的硬边绘画,拥有极强的空间感,简单,却又耐人寻味。纽曼《Canto XV from 18 Cantos》,1964 年尽管抽象绘画流派自诞生以来已经过去了将近半个世纪,但关于这个复杂的流派一直缺乏某种有说服力的理论阐释。不仅对于公众来说,抽象表现主义的欣赏和接受是困难的,即使对于艺术史和评论界,抽象主义的价值和意义所在也是含糊不清。而在抽象表现主义画派的画家内部,也存在不同的风格和观念。但纽曼始终相信精神艺术的抽象内涵,并认为艺术之美在于充满着神秘感与不可知的东西。" 艺术家以他的欲望、他的意志来建立有序的真理,那便是他对生命与死亡的神秘性态度的表达。可以说,艺术家像一个真正的创造者那样探究宇宙。"纽曼 " 形而上学 " 的艺术作品,还影响了当时众多艺术大师。1962年,伊夫 · 克莱因受纽曼创作于 1953 年的《Onement VI》的启发,干脆把其中的竖线去掉,创作了一系列单色绘画作品引起国际绘画界的轰动,其画中所用的蓝色甚至被国际上命名为 " 国际克莱因蓝 "。伊夫 · 克莱因法国艺术家 Reine Paradis 的 " 克莱因蓝 " 摄影作品不仅如此,艺术和时尚从某种程度上,是一对渊源已久的双生子,GIADA 创意总监 Gabriele Colangelo,就在 GIADA 2017 春夏系列中,大量运用了纽曼艺术作品中的元素。纽曼的 "Zip" 与 GIADA 2017 春夏系列一天,Gabriele Colangelo 来到纽约大都会艺术博物馆,当他目睹纽曼画中那种简约大气,但又充满色彩的冲击力和野性的笔锋的结合,便想起了现代成功女性的特质——姿态优雅却又带着干练的风度。GIADA 2017 春夏系列于是他将纽曼的艺术作品,结合到自己的设计当中。神秘而独立的光带,将画面一分为二,一如男性与女性,或者是古老与现代的艺术碰撞。或许,具有超前意识的人,注定是孤独的。纽曼在世时一直不被看好,直到1985年,一位不知名的美国收藏家在苏富比拍卖行购得纽曼的《尤利西斯》之后,纽曼的绘画才逐渐受到世人的重视和认可。纽曼《尤利西斯》,1952 年目前,纽曼的作品不仅被拍出高价,而且在世界各地的重要美术馆都有收藏。包括纽约现代艺术博物馆、纽约大都会博物馆、华盛顿美国国家艺术博物馆、加拿大国家美术馆、伦敦泰特美术馆、柏林国家博物馆、哈佛大学艺术博物馆等等。尽管纽曼对未来可能会发生什么,没有高屋建瓴的感知,但他却仍然没有放弃艺术创作,哪怕是在生命的最后几年。1970年7月4日,纽曼因心脏病复发去世,享年65岁。去世时在他工作室的墙上,还留着未完成的巨幅遗作《是谁在害怕红黄蓝 IV》。纽曼《是谁在害怕红黄蓝 IV》虽然纽曼在世时,其画作不被理解,饱受孤独之苦,但是他又是幸运的,因为,上帝给了他一个,一生坚定不移支持他的伟大妻子。纽曼与他的妻子纽曼去世 9 年后,他的遗孀通过节衣缩食设立了巴尼特 · 纽曼基金,以资助艺术创作的方式把纽曼的艺术思想传递下去。因为她坚信,只要纽曼的精神之火不灭,总有一天,人们会读懂并欣赏他的作品。那么,晚一点也没关系。编辑于 2017-10-16 11:50抽象派色域抽象画赞同 346 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请
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ur.io • A Digital MuseumPlease enable Javascript to browse Arthur.io Log inOnement VI, 1953Barnett NewmanShareEditDownload Uploaded on Apr 15, 2014 by Antonio OpiohMore artworks by Barnett Newman See all 14psstArthur is aDigital MuseumAboutDonate Home © 2024 Arthur • Built by @themoenen • Terms & Policies • Artist Index • Contact Home What? J
巴尼特·纽曼的“一线一世界”_百科文章_百度百科
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巴尼特·纽曼的“一线一世界”
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来源:第二自然即便是行外人,也可能知道他,他24年里只画直线,其中有一条直线《安娜之光》卖了7个亿,在世界最贵画作中排名第十七,他就是抽象派艺术大师—— 巴尼特·纽曼。巴尼特·纽曼有人嘲讽说:画直线有什么难的,谁都可以。但是你真的能在两三米高的画布上,从顶部贯穿到底,不借助任何工具的情况下,保证你画出的直线不曲不折吗?很显然,这条直线只是表面上看似简单,实际上却十分考验画功,就连纽曼本人,也是在苦练了24年之后,才画出的那条天价“直线”。1905年,纽曼出生于美国纽约曼哈顿,因为父母是来自波兰的犹太移民,纽曼从小就遭受歧视。纽曼非常热爱艺术,小时候便是如此,还经常逃课去看各种展览,加入 “艺术学生联盟”,每天痴迷于和那些志同道合的同学一起探讨和研究绘画。纽曼早期作品17岁的时候,他考进康奈尔大学学习艺术,追随美国抽象派画家马克·罗斯科,随后来到诞生过11位诺贝尔奖得主的纽约城市学院主攻哲学,同时也辅修了绘画课程。纽曼早期作品由于家境上的穷困潦倒,纽曼毕业后去了父亲的服装厂上班,但是没有多久,纽约股市崩盘,服装厂倒闭,家中负债累累,纽曼只好另谋出路。接下来的几年,纽曼都在为了生存四处奔波,做过剧团经理和建筑绘图员,考过三次艺术教师资格证,还给自己提名参选过纽约市长,但均已失败告终。巴尼特·纽曼与妻子收入微薄,甚至难以糊口,但纽曼仍然坚持创作,除去研究绘画理论的时间,他从未搁下过画笔。也正是他这种对艺术非同一般的热情,感动了她的妻子,妻子一直用自己为数不多的工资来支持纽曼做自己喜欢的事,36年同甘共苦,直至纽曼逝世。《亚当》1946年,纽曼的创作发生了转机,在随手画出的光带中,他找到了自己的绘画方向,开始在抽象画派的创作风格中融入极简主义的特色……而画布上的那条垂直而下的光带,纽曼将其称为“zip”。 “我意识到这里有些名堂,可以有一个新的开始。”《Be I》从那之后,纽曼开始了他创作生涯中富有代表性的“直线”绘画之旅,几乎所有的作品都是一条直线为主题,如《Onement I》《Be I》等等,大片的背景色中,除了一条细细的直线或是色带,看不到其他更多的元素了。《Onement I》他的“随手一画”背后,是亮色和暗色的不停尝试,是好几个星期的思考和琢磨。刚开始,一条几米的线画下来,只要稍稍走神,线条就歪了,这样不间断的练习了几年后,纽曼的“直线”真的就越来越直了。《Onement III》画布上的直线或宽或窄,都会有抖动的痕迹,仔细看会看到边缘的模糊和颜色的渐变,这些全是只有手工绘制才能有的迹象。晚期,纽曼创作了《谁害怕红黄蓝》系列作品,画布上有三条直线,这些线条之间的色块逐渐变成了明亮的纯色,展现出典型的“设计主义”特点。《安娜的光》纽曼的最后一幅完整作品是《安娜之光》,创作于1968年,大片亮眼的红色块和灰白色拼接,并在最左侧画了一条灰白色的直线。《是谁在害怕红黄蓝II》1970年,纽曼病逝,享年65岁,墙上还挂着未完成的 《是谁在害怕红黄蓝IV》。为了完成丈夫的遗愿,妻子省吃俭用成立了巴尼特·纽曼艺术基金,以延续丈夫的艺术创作思想。她相信总有一天,会有人读懂并珍惜丈夫的作品。《尤利西斯》不得不说,纽曼就是生前命途多舛的艺术家典型,好在在其逝世15年后,终于有人识得他画作中的珍贵之处,作品 《尤利西斯》被一位不知名的美国收藏家在苏富比拍卖行购得,此后,纽曼更多的作品被世人关注起来。《Onement VI》《黑火1号》2013年, 《安娜的光》以1.057亿美元成交,折合人民币7.484亿元。目前这幅作品的成交价在世界最贵100幅画中,排名第17位。同年,纽曼的油画 《Onement VI》,在纽约苏富比拍卖行,以0.438亿美元成交。2014年, 《黑火1号》在纽约佳士得拍卖会上,以0.842亿美元成交。短短两年,纽曼有三幅作品跻身“世界最贵100幅画”的名单中,在行业内引起巨大轰动,纽曼成为了抽象表现主义最重要的艺术家,与 杰克逊·波洛克、马克·罗斯科和德·库宁等抽象画派代表人物齐名。《The Wild》随着名气大增,世界各地的美术馆也抢着收藏纽曼的作品,包括伦敦泰特美术馆、柏林国家博物馆、纽约现代艺术博物馆、哈佛大学艺术博物馆、纽约大都会博物馆、加拿大国家美术馆等等。 21世纪,纽曼的艺术精神之火在熊熊燃烧。巴尼特·纽曼纽曼坚信艺术之美在于充满着神秘感与不可知的东西,他希望自己的作品让观众产生一种几乎被整个画面吞噬的恐惧和惊愕感。所以,正在观赏这些直线的你,产生了纽曼希望的这种感觉了吗?(图片来源于第二自然及网络)
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(#17) Barnett Newman
(#17) Barnett Newman
May 2013 Contemporary Evening
/
Lot 17
17
Barnett Newman
Estimate
30,000,000 - 40,000,000 USD
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Description
Barnett Newman
Onement VI
signed and dated 1953 in dark blue paint on lower right corner
oil on canvas
102 x 120 in. 259.1 x 304.8 cm
Provenance
Collection Annalee Newman (gift of the artist, December 1953)Mr. and Mrs. Frederick R. Weisman, Beverly Hills, California (purchased 1961)Weisman Family Collection, Richard L. Weisman, New YorkPrivate Collection, New York (acquired from the above in 1990)Acquired by the present owner in 2000
Exhibited
New York, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, American Abstract Expressionists and Imagists, October - December 1961, cat. no. 42, p. 20, illustrated in colorSeattle, World’s Fair, Fine Arts Pavilion, Art Since 1950, April - October 1962, cat. no. 46, illustrated in color and p. 40 (text)Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, New York School, The First Generation: Paintings of the 1940s and 1950s, June - August 1965, cat. no. 72, illustrated in colorPasadena, Pasadena Art Museum, Barnett Newman, January 29, 1905 - July 4, 1970, July - August 1970, cat. no. 7Los Angeles, The Museum of Contemporary Art, The First Show: Painting and Sculpture from Eight Collections 1940 - 1980, November 1983 - February 1984, p. 159, illustrated in colorNew York, Marisa del Re Gallery, Masters of the Fifties: American Abstract Painting from Pollock to Stella, October- December 1985, illustrated in color on the cover of the catalogue and p. 9 (text)Fort Lauderdale, Museum of Art, An American Renaissance: Painting and Sculpture Since 1940, January - March 1986, pl. 23, p. 57, illustrated in color and p. 30 (text)Los Angeles, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Individuals: A Selected History of Contemporary Art 1945 - 1986, December 1986 - January 1988, p. 65, illustrated in color
Literature
Lawrence Alloway, “Easel Painting at the Guggenheim,” Art International 5, no. 10, December 1961, p. 28, illustrated and pp. 27, 29 and 31 (text)Jack Kroll, “American Painting and the Convertible Spiral” [concerning group exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum], Artnews 60, no. 7, November 1961, p. 36, illustrated in color and pp. 66-68 (text)Irving Sandler, “In the Art Galleries,” New York Post, 29 October 1961, magazine p. 12 (text)Dorothy Gees Seckler, “Frontiers of Space,” Art in America 50, no. 2, Summer 1962, p. 85, illustrated in color and p. 83 (text) [erroneously dated 1932]“Seattle’s World Fair: Art Since 1960: American,” Artforum 1, no. 4, September 1962, p. 36, illustrated in color“The Art of Today,” Response, Princeton, 1963, p. 36, illustrated in colorHarold Rosenberg, “Barnett Newman: A Man of Controversy and Spiritual Grandeur,” Vogue, 15 February 1963, pp. 134-135, illustrated in color (the artist and the present work in his studio)John Canaday, “Two Exhibitions Begin Guggenheim’s Season,” The New York Times, 17 September 1964, p. 50 (text)Philip Leider, “The New York School in Los Angeles,” Artforum 4, no. 1, September 1965, p. 11 (text)Lucy Lippard, “New York Letter,” Art International 10, no. 6, Summer 1966, p. 108 (text)Marisa Volpi Orlandini, “La forma viviente de Barnett Newman” Marcatré [Genoa], nos. 34–36, December 1967, p. 35, illustratedBarbara M. Reise, “The Stance of Barnett Newman,” Studio International 179, no. 919, February 1970, p. 54 (text)Irving Sandler, The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism, New York and Washington, D.C., 1970, pl. XVI, illustrated in color and p. 191 (text)Lawrence Alloway, “Color, Culture, The Stations: Notes on the Barnett Newman Memorial Exhibition,” Artforum 10, no. 4, December 1971, p. 32 (text)Exh. Cat., New York, The Museum of Modern Art (and travelling), Barnett Newman, 1971, p. 80 (text) and illustrated in color on the cover (the artist and the present work in his studio) [paperbound edition]Jeanne Siegel, “Around Barnett Newman,” Artnews 70, no. 6, October 1971, p. 61 (text, in conversation with Robert Murray)Thomas B. Hess, “The Force of Barnett Newman,” Intellectual Digest, June 1972, p. 45 (text)Robert Rosenblum, Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko, London, 1975, pp. 210-211 (text)Harold Rosenberg, Barnett Newman, Contemporary artists series, New York, 1978 (reprinted 1994), pp. 67 and 78 (text); pl. 8, p. 13 (the artist and the present work in his studio) and pl. 80, p. 112, illustrated in colorHarold Rosenberg, “La sculpture de Barnett Newman,” Art Press, Paris, no. 35, March 1980, p. 12 (text)Franz Meyer, “Zur Gültigkeit des Christusbildes in der ungegenständlichen Kunst: Die Kreuzwegstationen Barnett Newmans,” Kirche und Kunst, no. 2, June 1982, p. 64 (text)Marcia S. Weisman, “Collecting, Sharing, and Promoting Contemporary Art in California,” Completed 1983 under the auspices of the Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles (bound trypescript), pp. 460-461 (text)Jeanne Siegel, Artwords: Discourse on the 60s and 70s, Ann Arbor, 1985, pp. 42-62 (text) [reprint of the author's October 1971 article in Artnews]Lynne Cooke, “Robert Mangold: Frames of Reference,” in Exh. Cat., London, Lisson Gallery, Robert Mangold: Attic Series I–VI, 1990, fig. 1, p. 11, illustrated and p. 9 (text)Patrick Negri, “Signs of Being: A Study of the Religious Significance of the Art of Barnett Newman, Jackson Pollock, and Mark Rothko,” Th.D. thesis, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California, 1990, pp. 158-159 (text)John P. O'Neill, ed. Barnett Newman: Selected Writings and Interviews, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992, illustrated in color on the cover (detail, the artist and the present work)Richard Francis, “Barnett Newman,” in Exh. Cat., Chicago, Museum of Contemporary Art, Negotiating Rapture: The Power of Art to Transform Lives, 1996, p. 141 (text)Molly McNickle, “The Mind and Art of Barnett Newman,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1996, p. 237 (text)James Meyer, Minimalism: Art and Polemics in the Sixties, New Haven and London, 2001, p. 67, illustrated in colorDavid Anfam, “Philadelphia and London: Barnett Newman,” The Burlington Magazine 144, no. 1194, September 2002, p. 583 (text)Exh. Cat., Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Barnett Newman, 2002, pl. no. 67, p. 98, illustrated in color; pp. 55, 99 and 160 (text); and p. 328 (in the chronology prepared by Melissa Ho)Melissa Ho, ed., Reconsidering Barnett Newman: A Symposium at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, p. xiii, illustrated (detail, the artist and the present work), p. 94, note 13 and p. 119 (text)Richard Shiff, Carol C. Mancuso-Ungaro and Heidi Colsman-Freyberger, Barnett Newman: A Catalogue Raisonné, New York and New Haven, 2004, cat. no. 59, pp. 250- 51, illustrated in color; fig. 1, p. 2, illustrated (the artist in his studio with the present work); fig. 54, p. 57, illustrated in color; pp. 58, 78, 123-124 and 137 (text)
Condition
This painting is in excellent condition overall. Pleasecontact the Contemporary Art department at 212-606-7254 for the condition report prepared by Terrence Mahon. The canvas is framed in a metal strip frame with a small float, painted black.In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective qualified opinion.NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING CONDITION OF A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD "AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF SALE PRINTED IN THE CATALOGUE.
Catalogue Note
Onement VI by Barnett Newman overwhelms and seduces the viewer with the totality of its sensual, cascading washes of vibrant blue coexisting with Newman’s vertical “Sign” of the human presence, his iconic and revolutionary “zip.” As a portal to the sublime, the limitless realm of sumptuous color envelops the viewer and brings life to Newman’s assertion that his monumental canvases be experienced up close rather than from a distance. The demarcation of the zip, in its placement, form and complementary hue of light blue, serves both a temporal and spatial purpose in the expansive and personalized experience of this masterpiece of Newman’s aesthetic. By far the most momentous in scale of the six paintings of the Onement series, Onement VI is also one of only two of this title to be held in private hands. Annalee Newman gifted Onement I (1948) – the sister painting that so dramatically altered the course of Newman’s oeuvre – to the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1992, where it joined Onement III (1949), a clear demonstration of the importance of this innovative group of paintings to the canon of modern art. Onement II (1948) and Onement IV (1949) both entered the collections of the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford and the Allen Memorial Museum in Oberlin as early as the 1960s. Onement VI was gifted by the artist to his wife, Annalee, in 1953 and was later acquired by the prestigious collectors Frederick and Marcia Weisman in 1961, the same year that the Newmans lent the painting to the influential show at The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum titled Abstract Expressionists and Imagists. Onement I was the first canvas in which Newman’s zip manifested and is the only consistent trait of the eponymous series that includes canvases of differing colors and scale; the poetic and primal zip was the core of Newman’s ambition to create paintings free of objects, dogma, precedence or referential subject matter. Along with other heroic artists of the Twentieth Century, Newman wanted to regenerate art and society through the invention of new forms of expression that could capture the ineffable essence of existence. Onement VIand its fellow paintings are not representational – they convey a state of being and communion.
Regarded as among the most independent and courageous artists of the Twentieth Century, Barnett Newman was distinctly influential at two critical junctures in American art: first among his peers and later with the next generation of artists who sought the means to redefine and celebrate painting in their own time. One of the great writers and philosophers during the creation of Abstract Expressionism in the 1940s and early 1950s, Newman was deeply admired by his colleagues and friends such as Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, Clyfford Still and Adolph Gottlieb. As an organizer of exhibitions for the newly opened Betty Parsons Gallery in 1946, Newman played a critical role in the advancement of their careers; through his introductions, Rothko and Still joined Parsons in 1946 followed by Pollock in 1947, solidifying Parson’s gallery as the new forum for American avant-garde art upon the closure of Peggy Guggenheim’s Art of This Century in spring 1947. Newman showed his own work with Parsons in his first and second one-man shows in 1950 and 1951, yet the public and critical attention that had come to his comrades was to be deferred for Newman which was a tacit acknowledgement of the radical nature and unique boldness of his painterly vision. Newman had withdrawn from the Parsons Gallery – and all commercial art endeavors - after the 1951 show when critic Clement Greenberg, the great proponent of Pollock since 1943, wrote a 1952 article in Paris Review which included a belated admiration of Newman’s exhibitions that “displayed both nerve and conviction” and declared the painter “to be an important as well as original painter.” (excerpted from Clement Greenberg, Art and Culture: Critical Essays, Boston, 1961, p. 150)
Among the works in Newman’s 1951 show was one of his great masterpieces, Vir Heroicus Sublimis (1950-51, Museum of Modern Art, New York) which, at 18 feet in length, is a grandiloquent statement of the revolution of Newman’s work which began with the artist’s first zip in Onement I which is only roughly two feet high. As he recounted in an interview in 1967, “I’d done this painting [Onement I, 1948] and stopped in order to find out what I had done, and I actually lived with that painting for almost a year trying to understand it. I realized that I’d made a statement which was affecting me and which was, I suppose the beginning of my present life, because from then on I had to give up any relation to nature as seen. .. I remove myself from nature, but I do not remove myself from life.” (Interview with David Sylvester in New York on March 3, 1967 as cited in John P. O’Neill, ed., Barnett Newman: Selected Writings and Interviews, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990, p. 255) With these words, Newman concisely memorialized his commitment to pure painting as a totality of transcendence, devoid of subject matter aside from the belief in the visual and spiritual phenomena of his creations so beautifully embodied by Onement VI of 1953. Newman recognized that his aesthetic ideas had been at last given form and his own unique pictorial language had been realized. Aided by his move to a larger studio at 110 Watt Street in August 1950, Newman’s paintings expanded in scale as the grounds, voids, rhythms and zips spill beyond the edges of his canvas to encompass the viewer in a spiritual dialogue. The ambitious size of paintings such as Onement VI, which at the time was not accommodating for most homes or even galleries, was not however related simply to mere measurements or illusionistic depth, as Ann Temkin observed in her essay for the 2002 retrospective of Newman’s work in Philadelphia: “Newman, however, always talked in terms of scale, not size….Newman’s paintings prove that the dynamics on which they depend for success could operate on very little surface. What counted was the emotional resonance – the perfect adjustment of a color and the size and shape of its extent and to what neighbored it.” (Exh. Cat., Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Barnett Newman, 2002 p. 42)
In Newman’s devotion to a single color and reductive use of demarcation with his sparsely employed zips, his work was deemed provocative and shocking, even among his fellow artists at the time of his 1950 and 1951 exhibitions; yet by the time of the first public appearance of Onement VI at The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1961, Newman’s enigmatic works had struck a chord with a breed of younger artists who investigated the future of painting as Abstract Expressionism waned and the movements of Minimalist, Conceptual and Process art were in ascendance along with Pop art. By the late 1950s, Newman had begun to show his work again and his 1959 exhibition at French & Co. in New York was a revelation to artists such as Frank Stella. His banded Black Paintings, begun the same year, inaugurated the era of Minimalism in paint, and claimed a kindred spirit with Newman’s prescient work; yet the intent of the artists were diametrically opposed. For Stella, his paint was paint, his canvas an object, his bands methodical; for Newman, paintings transcend their objectness and his zips flicker with portent and presence. The subtlety of the surface of Onement VI is simultaneously voluptuous and diaphanous, proving in its sensuous evocation of atmosphere that Newman was as great a colorist as Rothko or Richard Diebenkorn. The zips were created by masking tape that reserved the area for the vertical band, and Newman welcomed the chance effects of bleeding that lend the zips their simultaneous sense of void and substance. As Richard Shiff noted in the catalogue raisonné of Newman’s paintings, Clement Greenberg had Onement VI in mind when he wrote of Newman: “If he uses his skill, it is to suppress the evidence of it. …Other contemporary painting begins to look fussy.” (Excerpted from The Collected Essays of Clement Greenberg, Vol. 4: Modernism with a Vengeance, 1957-1969) Shiff further elaborates on the distinction between Newman’s “disposition” of his zips and colors, as opposed to schematic composition. “Despite the generous scale of Onement VI …bleeding along the taped edge becomes visually prominent, probably because it is much more pronounced toward the top of the band than at the bottom. This unevenly distributed feature creates something of a tapered effect that catches the eye, an anomalous element in an otherwise symmetrical image. Yet this anomaly belongs to, coheres with, the painting as much as any other feature …As Newman said of perceiving the human face, it requires no scrutiny, no differentiation of parts, just a vision of the integrated whole.” (Richard Shiff, Carol C. Mancusi-Ungaro and Heidi Colsman-Freyberger, Barnett Newman: A Catalogue Raisonné, New York, New Haven and London, 2004, p. 58)
With its title, Onement VI honors Newman’s quest for the totality of the art object, evoking emotional and spiritual resonance with essential and organic features. Newman’s aesthetic philosophy was expressed in his greatest essay on abstract art, “The Plasmic Image”, which was published posthumously. In this lengthy treatise, Newman outlined the search for a universal art and defined abstract forms as ‘plasmic’ – which he identified with an organic fluidity like the movement of thoughts as opposed to the ‘plastic’ of inert matter like paint or marble. As Newman elaborated, “The new painter feels that these (abstract shapes) must contain the plasmic entity that will carry his thought, the nucleus that will give life to the abstract, even abstruse ideas he is projecting. …The effect of these new pictures is that the shapes and colors act as symbols to (elicit) sympathetic participation on the part of the beholder in the artist’s vision.” (John P. O’Neill, Op. Cit., pp. 141-142) In Onement VI, the single zip resonates within the canvas and with the viewer; it is described both by sharp tactile edges that retain a crisp memory of the delineating tape and by the gentle laps of marine blue that seep into the void of the cool light blue. Soft ghostly traces toward the bottom of the zip disperse as if into air, while deeper bleeds at eye level seek to bridge the gap of the zip from edge to edge, creating a spatial tension. The act of the pigment bleed is the locus of the temporal element in Newman’s work that finds corresponding resonance with the temporal experience of viewing Onement VI at our leisure and contemplatively.
As Harold Rosenberg wrote in his 1978 monograph on Newman, “The format of Onement I takes its meaning from being experienced as an undifferentiated whole, thus functioning as a ‘space vehicle’ for the idea of singularity. Oneness itself in Newman’s terms is an exalted ‘subject matter’.” (Harold Rosenberg, Barnett Newman, New York, 1978, pp. 59-60) As the agent of inner coherence to the painting, the zip of Onement VI is also the agent of identity and universality, brought so memorably to life in the sculptures in zip form, such as Here I (To Marcia) of 1950/1962, so named when Marcia Weisman, the purchaser of Onement VI in 1961, prevailed on Newman to cast a 1962 bronze based on a 1950 plaster and wood construction. Placed prominently in the Weisman’s collection, Newman’s painting and sculpture gave graphic testimony to the enduring power of Newman’s creations. Critics who were puzzled at Newman’s work in the early 1950s sometimes regarded his paintings as philosophic statements made without artistic attributes, or conversely, as pure painting devoid of a subject. Paintings such as Onement VI, in truth, involve both spirit and nature, and Newman sought to instill in the viewer a profound sense of the spiritual. This did not imply that Newman was religious, but rather that he sought a profound faith in the role of the artist in attaining the highest realm to which a man could aspire. For Newman, art was capable of provoking in the viewer an existential sense of awe and wonderment for the sublime miracle of existence.