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2024-03-07 19:18:07

ifo Institute

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Economic Growth and Sustainability

Equal Opportunities and Integration

Digitalization of the Economy

Public Sector Functions and Taxation

Globalization and “Inter-System Competition”

The Future of Europe

Big Data Economics

Research

Research Overview

ifo Centers

Macroeconomics and Surveys

Public Finance and Political Economy

Labor and Demographic Economics

Economics of Education

Industrial Organization and New Technologies

Energy, Climate, and Resources

International Economics

International Institutional Comparisons and Migration Research

Social Market Economy and Institutional Economics

Further Research Departments

Research Group Taxation and Fiscal Policy

LMU-ifo Economics & Business Data Center

ifo Dresden

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Overview Publications

Contributions in Refereed Journals

Our Journals

ifo Schnelldienst

ifo Schnelldienst digital

EconPol Forum

ifo Konjunkturperspektiven

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ifo Institute

: Shaping the Economic Debate

News - 7 March 2024

German Companies Pushed To Cut Investments By 8.4%

Over the past 18 months, companies in Germany have reduced their planned investments by an average of 8.4% due to higher interest rates. This is a finding from the ifo Business Survey of December 2023, which has now been published in ifo Schnelldienst.

News - 6 March 2024

ifo Economic Forecast Spring 2024: German Economy Paralyzed

The ifo Institute has reduced its growth forecast for the current year to 0.2%, down from 0.7% in January and 0.9% in December. But for next year, it raised its growth estimate by 0.2 percentage points to 1.5%.

News - 5 March 2024

Women Disadvantaged in Bonus Payments as Well

The pay gap for women in the DACH region exists not just in base salary. This has been shown by analyses conducted by the ifo Institute and the management consultancy Mercer for over 270 companies. In Germany, women receive an average of 6.1% less in bonus payments.

News - 4 March 2024

Working from Home Firmly Established in Germany

In February, 24.1% of employees in Germany worked from home at least part of the time. “The proportion has remained almost constant for two years,” ifo expert Jean-Victor Alipour notices. “Regardless of the debates at individual companies about returning to the office, working from home has become firmly established in Germany.”

News - 1 March 2024

Economy And Society In Times Of Upheaval

The ifo Institute is turning 75 and is organising an anniversary edition of the Munich Economic Debate to mark the occasion. On Monday, ifo President Clemens Fuest will discuss the major upheavals of this time in a dialogue between economics and literature with author Theresia Enzensberger and author Philipp Blom.

75 Years of ifo Institute

On January 24, the ifo Institute turned 75 years old. Throughout the year, numerous activities will tell the story of ifo’s and CESifo’s past, present, and future. They will feature interviews with people from across ifo, explore different places, and showcase ifo development milestones.

News

Facts

—

23 Feb 2024

ifo Business Climate Index rises (February 2024)

Sentiment among German companies has brightened somewhat. The ifo Business Climate Index rose to 85.5 points in February, up from 85.2 points in January. This is due to slightly less pessimistic expectations. Assessments of the current situation remained unchanged – positive and negative responses here were nearly in balance. The German economy is stabilizing at a low level.

Survey Results

Publications

—

14 Feb 2024

ifo Schnelldienst 2/2024: Budget Policy in Crisis Mode

The ruling by the Federal Constitutional Court on November 15, 2023 has intensified the debate on the German debt brake. Critics are using the ruling as an opportunity to renew their calls for a reform or abolition of the debt brake. But does the debt brake stand in the way of economically sensible public debt? What reform proposals are on the table? How can the upcoming transformation tasks be financed in line with the constitution? Can Germany learn from Switzerland?

Overview Publications

Event

—

4 Mar 2024

75 Years of ifo Institute: “Economic and Social Transformation” - Discussion with Theresia Enzensberger, Philipp Blom & Clemens Fuest

Literaturhaus München - Saal/Foyer, 80333 München

Munich Economic Debate

Theresia Enzensberger, Philipp Blom & Clemens Fuest

Overview Events

“International links and intensive cooperation between scholars form the basis for high-quality economic research with a real impact.”

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Clemens Fuest, President of the ifo Institute and Director of the Center for Economic Studies

Our Dossiers

Economic Growth and Sustainability

Climate Policy

Pension

Coronavirus

...

Equal Opportunities and Integration

Migration

Education Comparisons

Basic Security System

...

Digitalization of the Economy

Vocational Education 4.0

Digital Tax

Digital Infrastructure

Public Sector Functions and Taxation

Property Tax

Funding Policy

Public Finances

...

Globalization and “Inter-System Competition”

Free Trade

Globalization

Systems Competition

The Future of Europe

EU Reforms

Populism

War in Ukraine

...

Overview Topics

Sustainable Prosperity

In recent decades, economic growth driven by economic openness and globalization has brought prosperity to billions of people and reduced global poverty.

Calendar

Event

Release Date

details

Cutting Edge Research in All Areas

We deal with scientific issues that are relevant to actors in politics, business and society in Germany and internationally. The ifo Institute's recommendations for action are based on the results of our research and help to ensure that informed decisions can be made.

ifo Center for Macroeconomics and Surveys

ifo Center for Public Finance and Political Economy

ifo Center for Labor and Demographic Economics

ifo Center for the Economics of Education

ifo Center for Industrial Organization and New Technologies

ifo Center for Energy, Climate, and Resources

ifo Center for International Economics

ifo Center for International Institutional Comparisons and Migration Research

Ludwig Erhard ifo Center for Social Market Economy and Institutional Economics

ifo Dresden

Research Group Taxation and Fiscal Policy

All Research Departments

Our Experts

Discover our experts here. These ifo employees are designated contact persons for the public - in particular for the media, politics, business and science. They can provide information on specific topics covered by the ifo Institute.

Prof. Dr. Sarah Necker

Director of the Ludwig Erhard ifo Center for Social Market Economy and Institutional Economics

Public Economics

Labor Economics

Behavorial Economics

Economics of Science

Prof. Dr. Lisandra Flach

Director of the ifo Center for International Economics

Foreign Trade Policy

Empirical Foreign Trade Economics

Prof. Dr. Andreas Peichl

Director of the ifo Center for Macroeconomics and Surveys

Public Economics

Taxation and Redistribution

Inequality

Prof. Dr. Niklas Potrafke

Director of the ifo Center for Public Finance and Political Economy

Political Economy

Applied Econometrics

Public Finance

Prof. Helmut Rainer Ph.D.

Director of the ifo Center for Labor and Demographic Economics

Family Economics

Population Economics

Labor Economics

Prof. Dr. Karen Pittel

Director of the ifo Center for Energy, Climate, and Resources

Energy

Exhaustible Resources

Growth

Sustainability

Prof. Panu Poutvaara Ph.D.

Director of the ifo Center for International Institutional Comparisons and Migration Research

Migration

Public Economics

Political Economics

Populism

Prof. Dr. Ludger Wößmann

Director of the ifo Center for the Economics of Education

Economics of Education

Economic Growth

Economic History

Economics of Religion

Labor Economics

Development Economics

Economic Policy

Policy Evaluation

Political Economy

Public Opinion Research

Prof. Dr. Oliver Falck

Director of the ifo Center for Industrial Organization and New Technologies

Innovation and Growth

Entrepreneurship

Prof. Dr. Marcel Thum

Director ifo Dresden

Public Economics

Labor Economics

Industrial Organization

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Clemens Fuest

President

Economic and Fiscal Policy

International Taxation

Tax Policy

European Integration

Our Experts

Research Data

Overview

Research data offered by the EBDC

The Economics & Business Data Center (EBDC) is a combined platform for empirical research in business administration and economics of the Ludwig–Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) and the ifo Institute. It aims to open up new fields for empirical research in business administration and economics.

Here you can find all research datasets offered by the EBDC including documentation as well as the data repository.

Overview

Big Data Economics

New insights through innovative datasets? Answers to economic questions in real time? With the help of new data sources and methods and thanks to collaboration with companies and public administration, research questions can be addressed faster, more precisely, and in greater depth.

Article

— 29 Jun 2023

An Interview with Clemens Fuest and Stephanie Dittmer – Annual Report 2022

The ifo Institute expected an economic recovery in 2022. Instead, everything got worse: a war in the heart of Europe that sparked an energy crisis and record inflation. What does this mean for the ifo Institute?

Article

— 29 Jun 2023

ifo Annual Report 2022 – Highlights

With Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a new crisis superseded the coronavirus pandemic and defined the public debate. The impending gas and energy shortage fueled inflation, which the ifo Institute had highlighted back in 2021 in the context of the pandemic and supply bottlenecks. With our annual report 2022 we give a summary and provide an overview both of the development of the ifo Institute in the past year and of its additional research and work priorities. We have compiled a selection of the highlights from the annual report for you.

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About the ifo Institute | ifo Institute

180_ifo_Institute_1z_den

Hauptnavigation

Topics

Topic Overview

Economic Growth and Sustainability

Equal Opportunities and Integration

Digitalization of the Economy

Public Sector Functions and Taxation

Globalization and “Inter-System Competition”

The Future of Europe

Big Data Economics

Research

Research Overview

ifo Centers

Macroeconomics and Surveys

Public Finance and Political Economy

Labor and Demographic Economics

Economics of Education

Industrial Organization and New Technologies

Energy, Climate, and Resources

International Economics

International Institutional Comparisons and Migration Research

Social Market Economy and Institutional Economics

Further Research Departments

Research Group Taxation and Fiscal Policy

LMU-ifo Economics & Business Data Center

ifo Dresden

Publications

Overview Publications

Contributions in Refereed Journals

Our Journals

ifo Schnelldienst

ifo Schnelldienst digital

EconPol Forum

ifo Konjunkturperspektiven

ifo Dresden berichtet

Our Book Series

ifo Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung

ifo Dresden Studien

ifo Forschungsberichte

ifo Working Papers

About Us

Team

Careers

ifo-Alumni

Newsroom

Press

Media Center

Survey Results

Economic Forecasts

Events

Newsletter

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ifo Institute

About the ifo Institute

“Shaping the Economic Debate”: The ifo Institute wants to help shape the economic policy debate in Germany and Europe. We can do this because we combine excellent research with economic policy relevance. Our research findings provide policymakers and business leaders with a basis for making informed decisions. We prepare economic findings in such a way that the media and the public can understand and classify current economic and political events. The people at the ifo Institute, its supporters, and its committees make it possible to fulfill our mission. Our close cooperation with Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) in Munich is an important basis for our success.

Content

75 Years of ifo Institute

Five Fields of Action

Our Central Topic of Research

Rules of Good Scientific Practice

Equality

History

Careers

Organization

Friends of the ifo Institute

ifo Annual Report 2022

75 Years of ifo Institute

“International links and intensive cooperation between scholars form the basis for high-quality economic research with a real impact.”

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Clemens Fuest, President of the ifo Institute and Director of the Center for Economic Studies

Five Fields of Action

Research at ifo combines academic excellence with economic policy relevance. Five fields of action form the basis for this bridge building: research, policy advice, information and services, participation in public debates, and development of junior economists. In all these areas we aim to achieve excellence. Our five fields of action are closely interlinked: research is the basis for policy advice. And we can participate in public debates on the basis of newly gained knowledge.

Young economists make a significant contribution to achieving excellent research results. The development of junior economists is particularly important to us. The ifo Institute’s activities in the area of information and services in turn ensure that our findings reach the various stakeholder groups: through events, media work, or publications.

Our Central Topic of Research

We analyze the role of government action with the aim of sustainably maintaining economic prosperity and social cohesion.

We believe that government action must be taken in four key areas. These are based on the functions of the state as formulated by Richard Musgrave in his finance research.

Government action should:

1. Ensure that resources are used where they bring the most benefit.

2. Promote the stability and sustainability of economic development.

3. Guarantee social security.

4. Provide as many people as possible with access to education so that they can take advantage of the opportunities offered to them in an open society.

Our research topics are closely linked to the concept of the social market economy. As a regulatory framework, it simultaneously achieves economic efficiency, stability, and social balance. It has proven its worth over the past decades – not only in Germany, but also in large parts of Europe. We think through the concept of the social market economy and adapt it to ensure its continued success under changed economic and political conditions.

Rules of Good Scientific Practice

We set the highest standards for our scientific work, are transparent about our supporters, and take responsibility for the results of our research. We are guided by the Leibniz Code for Good Research Practice, which – in implementing the relevant regulations of the German Research Foundation (DFG) – describes the area of scientific integrity in full and updates the existing standards in a binding manner. In addition, we follow the Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice in the Leibniz Association, which set out a code of practice and the sanctions available within the central investigation process.

The guideline for good scientific practice in the Leibniz Association provides for an independent, decentralized ombudsperson to whom ifo employees and, if necessary, third parties can turn in matters of good scientific practice and in matters of suspected scientific misconduct. The scientists of the ifo Institute elected Prof. Dr. Joachim Winter (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich) as ombudsperson for a term of five years.

The ifo Institute has a quality management system certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001.

Equality

We want our equality policy to play a part in achieving society’s goal of giving men and women the same opportunities for individual self-actualization. That is why we systematically pursue three objectives:

We are working to ensure that women and men receive the same opportunities to combine their personal life, family, and career in a balanced manner.

We are ensuring that suitable yardsticks are created for both women and men with regard to equality in the evaluation of their performance and the resulting career opportunities.

We are identifying mechanisms of possible discrimination and systematically dismantling them.

The legal bases for equality at the ifo Institute include the following:

The Implementation Agreement on the Equality of Men and Women in Joint Funding Activities for Research concluded by Germany’s federal and state governments pursuant to Art. 91b of the German constitution

The German Research Foundation’s (DFG’s) Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality and the Leibniz Association’s framework recommendations.

The Institute’s Equality Plan is updated every two years under the direction of the Executive Board and published here.

History

The ifo Institute can look back on 75 years of history, and this history also shapes the Institute’s path into the future. In 1949, the South German Institute for Economic Research merged with the Information and Research Centre for Economic Observation – and ifo was born. Ludwig Erhard was one of the central figures in the ifo Institute’s history.

Careers

Living and working together at the ifo Institute is very important to us: we are keen to meet economists with an international perspective who conduct policy-oriented research – from interns to experienced academics. These researchers will find we offer the ideal conditions for top performance. The ifo Institute also offers exciting tasks in communication, finance, IT, and human resources.

Careers at the ifo Institute

Organization

Executive Board of the ifo Institute

The Executive Board runs the Institute’s business and is responsible for strategic planning and research management. Its members are appointed by the Administrative Council, and contract renewal is allowed. The chairperson of the Executive Board is the president, who is appointed jointly by the ifo Institute and the University of Munich.

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Clemens Fuest has been President of the ifo Institute since April 2016. Dr. Stephanie Dittmer has been a member of the Executive Board since September 2017.

Research Departments

ifo Center for Macroeconomics and Surveys

ifo Center for Public Finance and Political Economy

ifo Center for Labor and Demographic Economics

ifo Center for the Economics of Education

ifo Center for Industrial Organization and New Technologies

ifo Center for Energy, Climate, and Resources

ifo Center for International Economics

ifo Center for International Institutional Comparisons and Migration Research

ifo Center for Social Market Economy and Institutional Economics

Research Group Taxation and Fiscal Policy

LMU-ifo Economics & Business Data Center

ifo Dresden

Infrastructure Areas

Communications

Human Resources and Law

Finances and Centralized Services

Information Technology

Executive Department

Library

General Meeting

The General Meeting approves the annual accounts and the report of the Executive Board. It also elects the members of the Board of Trustees. The annual general meeting takes place in June at which the annual report is presented to the members.

ifo Administrative Council

The Administrative Council of the ifo Institute has a supervisory and advisory role vis-à-vis the Executive Board. The Administrative Council consists of the chairperson of the Board of Trustees, professors from the economic and business faculties of the LMU, representatives from both the Federal and Bavarian governments, the chairperson of the Scientific Advisory Council and up to five other members chosen by the General Meeting. The term of office of elected Administrative Council members commences on 1 July of their year of election and lasts for three years. The Administrative Council Chairperson is Nina Hugendubel.

Members of the ifo Administrative Council

Nina Hugendubel (chairwoman)

Geschäftsführende Gesellschafterin der H. Hugendubel GmbH & Co. KG

Dr. Elga Bartsch

Leiterin der Abteilung I, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz

Dr. Christine Bortenlänger (vice chairwoman)

Geschäftsführende Vorständin, Deutsches Aktieninstitut e.V.

Prof. Dr. Ralf Elsas

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Betriebswirtschaft

Prof. Dr. Veronika Grimm

Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Rechts- und wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät

Prof. Dr. Andreas Haufler

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultät

Dr. Annette Niederfranke

Staatssekretärin a.D., Direktorin der Vertretung in Deutschland der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO)

Dr. Wolf Heinrich Reuter

Staatssekretär, Bundesministerium der Finanzen

Dr. Thomas Schnell

Geschäftsführer, Dr. Schnell GmbH & Co KGaA

Dr. Ludger Schuknecht

Vice President, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in China

Thomas Westphal

Director General Economic and Financial Affairs (ECOFIN), Council of the European Union

Dr. Markus Wittmann

Ministerialdirektor, Amtsleitung des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie

Board of Trustees

The Board of Trustees consists of individuals from academic institutions, business, trade unions and public administration. It supports the Executive Board in discharging its duties. The term of office of members of the board of trustees commences on 1 July of their year of election and lasts for three years. The Chairperson of the Board of Trustees is Nina Hugendubel.

Members of the Board of Trustees

Nina Hugendubel (chairwoman)

Geschäftsführende Gesellschafterin der H. Hugendubel GmbH & Co. KG

Dr. Christine Bortenlänger (vice chairwoman)

Geschäftsführende Vorständin, Deutsches Aktieninstitut e.V.

Prof. Dr. Dr. Ann-Kristin Achleitner

TU München

Engelbert Beyer, Ministerialrat

Leiter der Abteilung Innovationspolitische Querschnittsfragen, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung

Dr. Elisabeth Denison

Chief People Officer, Deloitte Deutschland

Prof. Dr. Martin Faulstich

Direktor des Instituts für die Zukunft der Industriegesellschaft INZIN und Ordinarius, Technische Universität Clausthal

Albert Füracker

Bayerischer Staatsminister der Finanzen und für Heimat

Stefan Genth

Hauptgeschäftsführer des Handelsverbands Deutschland - HDE e.V.

Verena Göppert

Stellvertretende Hauptgeschäftsführerin des Deutschen Städtetags

Dr. Manfred Gößl

Hauptgeschäftsführer der IHK für München und Oberbayern

Dr. Thomas Gößl

Präsident des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik

Alexander Gunkel

Mitglied der Hauptgeschäftsführung der BDA, Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände

Claudia Heinzel

Omegaconsulting GmbH

Sabine Herold

Geschäftsführende Gesellschafterin, DELO Industrie Klebstoffe GmbH & Co KGaA

Marion Höllinger

Sprecherin des Vorstands, HypoVereinsbank - UniCredit Bank AG

Prof. Dr. Thomas F. Hofmann

Präsident der Technischen Universität München

Valerie Holsboer

Prof. Dr. Bernd Huber

Präsident der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Manuela Kasper-Claridge

Chefredakteurin, Deutsche Welle

Dr. Michael Kerkloh

Gerd Kremer

Bernhard Krüsken

Generalsekretär des Deutschen Bauernverbandes

Dr. Christian Lieberknecht

Mitglied der Geschäftsführung, Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen e.V.

Dr. Marc Lucassen

Hauptgeschäftsführer der IHK Augsburg und Schwaben

Johannes Peter Martin

Managing Partner, Procedere-Consulting

Prof. Dr. Alfred Maußner

Universität Augsburg, Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre

Dr. Volker Meyer-Guckel

Generalsekretär und Mitglied der Geschäftsführung, Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft

Dr. Jürgen Michels

Leiter Volkswirtschaft und Research der Bayern LB

Prof. Dr. Armin Nassehi

Institut für Soziologie, LMU München

Prof. Dr Angelika Niebler, MdEP

Vorsitzende der CSU-Gruppe im Europäischen Parlament

Dr. Annette Niederfranke

Staatssekretärin a.D., Direktorin der Vertretung in Deutschland der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO)

Kai Ostermann

stellvertretender Vorstandsvorsitzender Deutsche Leasing AG

Felix Pakleppa

Hauptgeschäftsführer des Zentralverbands des Deutschen Baugewerbes

Franz Xaver Peteranderl

Präsident der Handwerkskammer für München und Oberbayern

Henriette Peucker (bis 31.7.2023)

Stellvertretende Hauptgeschäftsführerin, Bundesverband Deutscher Banken

Dr. Carsten Pillath

Dr. Klaus-Peter Potthast

Leiter der Abteilung 2, Wirtschaftspolitik, im Bayerischen Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie

Franz Josef Pschierer

MdL, Staatsminister a.D.

Wolfgang Reichel

Sprecher des Vorstands, Lebensversicherung von 1871 a.G.

Dr. Dieter Reiter

Oberbürgermeister der Landeshauptstadt München

Dr. Wolf Heinrich Reuter

Staatssekretär, Bundesministerium der Finanzen

Dr. Johann Schachtner

Generalsekretär im Wirtschaftsbeirat der Union

Dr. Thomas Schnell

Geschäftsführer, Dr. Schnell GmbH & Co KGaA

Prof. Dr. Monika Schnitzer

LMU München, Fakultät VWL

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schön

Direktor, MPI Max-Planck-Institut für Steuerrecht und Öffentliche Finanzen

Dr. Ludger Schuknecht

Vice President, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in China

Dr. Bernhard Schwab

Vorstandsvorsitzender, LfA Förderbank Bayern

Holger Schwannecke

Generalsekretär des Zentralverbands des Deutschen Handwerks

Dr. Günther Thallinger

Mitglied des Vorstands, Allianz SE

Prof. Dr. Anja Tuschke

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institut für Strategische Unternehmensführung

Hartmut Vorjohann

Sächsischer Staatsminister der Finanzen

Dr. Peter-Alexander Wacker

Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats der Wacker Chemie AG

Dr. Ursula Weidenfeld

Freie Journalistin

Jakob von Weizsäcker

Minister der Finanzen und für Wissenschaft, Saarland

Thomas Westphal

Director General Economic and Financial Affairs (ECOFIN), Council of the European Union

Dr. Otto Wiesheu

Staatsminister a.D., Ehrenpräsident Wirtschaftsbeirat der Union

ifo Scientific Advisory Council

The Scientific Advisory Council consists of internationally respected, independent academics and experts. It was established to provide independent, external quality control and to advise the Executive Board and the Administrative Council in the long-term planning of research and development as well as on future appointments of Executive Board members. The Scientific Advisory Council advises both the ifo Institute and CESifo. Scientific Advisory Council members are elected for four years and can be re-elected for one term only.

The chairmen of the Scientific Advisory Council to date were: Prof. Dr. Anthony J. Venables CBE, University of Oxford, UK (2016-2021), Prof. Robin Boadway Ph.D., Queen’s University London, Canada (2013 – 2016), Prof. Robert Haveman Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA (2008 – 2013), Prof. Assaf Razin Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, Israel, and Cornell University, USA (2005 – 2008) and Prof. David Bradford Ph.D. (2000 – 2005).

Prof. Dr. Abigail Payne (chairwoman)

University of Melbourne, Australia

Prof. Dr. Veronika Grimm (vice chairwoman)

Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Prof. Richard Blundell CBE FBA

University College London, UK

Prof. Dr. Alessandra Casarico

Università Bocconi, Italy

Prof. Michael Devereux, Ph.D.

University of Oxford, UK

Prof. Dr. Hans Gersbach

ETH Zürich, Switzerland

Prof. Stephen Hansen, Ph.D.

University College London, UK

Prof. James Hines, Ph.D.

University of Michigan, USA

Prof. Beata Smarzynska Javorcik, Ph.D.

University of Oxford, UK

Prof. Dr. Abigail Payne

University of Melbourne, Australia

Prof. Ricardo Reis, Ph.D.

London School of Economics, UK

Prof. Kimberley Scharf, Ph.D.

University of Nottingham, UK

Prof. Dr. Rolf Tschernig

Universität Regensburg, Germany

User Advisory Council

The ifo Institute has established a User Advisory Council to strengthen contacts with the target audiences of its services. These include academics and researchers, governmental institutions, the business world, and national and international media. The User Advisory Council’s task is to advise the ifo Institute on the development and evaluation of its services. This includes expanding its range of services, as well as the content-related presentation and quality of the Institute’s services. The Chairperson of the User Advisory Council is Prof. Rolf Tschernig, University of Regensburg.

Prof. Dr. Rolf Tschernig (Chairperson)

Universität Regensburg, Lehrstuhl für Ökonometrie, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät

Dr. Manuel Kallweit

Leiter der Abteilung Märkte, Analysen, Rohstoffe, Statistik, Verband der Automobilindustrie e.V. (VDA)

Manuela Kasper-Claridge

Chefredakteurin, Deutsche Welle

MDirig. Dr. Klaus-Peter Potthast

Leiter der Abteilung Wirtschaftspolitik, Koordination und Industrie, Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie

Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm

Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, KOF-Konjunkturforschungsstelle

Dr. Ursula Weidenfeld

freie Journalistin

Dr. Ralph Wiechers

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Membership of the ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich is available to individuals and organisations in Germany and around the world. The Ifo Institute is a registered society according to German law (eingetragener Verein – e.V.) and is governed according to its By-laws. The ifo Institute is entered in the register of associations in Munich under the number 4419 and is recognized as a non-profit organisation. As part of their membership, members regularly receive the following publications, invitations to events and discounts on selected products.

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ifo Annual Report 2022

Article

— 29 Jun 2023

An Interview with Clemens Fuest and Stephanie Dittmer – Annual Report 2022

Article

— 29 Jun 2023

ifo Annual Report 2022 – Highlights

一文读懂ICO、IFO、IMO、IEO区别，或是全网最全科普 - 知乎

一文读懂ICO、IFO、IMO、IEO区别，或是全网最全科普 - 知乎首发于互链脉搏切换模式写文章登录/注册一文读懂ICO、IFO、IMO、IEO区别，或是全网最全科普互链Professor互链脉搏，影响有影响力的人！作者：互链脉搏资深编辑 · 链十三公*号ID：HiveEcon ；互链脉搏 ,影响有影响力的人！我们都被时代洪流裹着走。没有一点点防备，区块链价值传输时代突然就来了；很多人还没有弄清CEO，COO，CFO，CMO，CIO的区别，又来了新的一串O：ICO，IFO、IEO和IMO。这是四种不同的融资方式，没有对错，不存在二元对立。然而，在全球范围内，针对IC/F/E/MO的法律几乎空白（除了泰国、马耳他等少数国家），其概念容易被人利用来诈骗或割韭菜，因此，众人往往对这类新型融资方式谈虎色变。而出于监管便利的考虑，国内甚至“一刀切”，严禁ICO和加密货币交易，也就否认了它们的存在合理性。本文通过狂想“区坚强”融资四部曲，分别理清ICO、IFO、IEO和IMO的概念和区别，希望读者在面对这些新融资手段时，心里有点*数，不被嘈杂的声音带偏。教科书式回答ICO、IFO、IEO和IMO，分别是什么呢？本部分给出了标准答案，但其相当枯燥乏味，建议快进。ICO（Initial Coin Offering），首次代币发行，指区块链项目首次向公众发行代币，募集比特币、以太坊等主流加密货币以获得项目运作的经费。IFO（Initial Fork Offerings），首次分叉发行，指通过分叉比特币等主流加密货币生成新的代币。IEO（Initial Exchange Offerings），首次交易发行，指以交易所为核心发行代币；代币跳过ICO这步，直接上线交易所。IMO（Initial Miner Offerings），首次矿机发行，指首次通过售卖硬件/矿机来发行代币。ICO：用未来的产品向未来的用户“众筹”如果要把ICO的概念弄明白，需要先弄懂IPO。IPO，往往让人联想到敲钟、登陆纳斯达克等喜庆画面，简单来讲，就是在证券交易所上市，向社会普通投资者发行股票。ICO的概念源自IPO，IPO首次发行的是股票，获得的是法币；而ICO整个过程都由加密货币贯穿。区坚强由此登场。他的团队正在开发一款基于以太坊的游戏DAPP。虽然产品未落地，坚强想通过ICO融资，用来支付项目运营、市场推广、人力开支等费用。于是，他写了一份《宫略白皮书：一款穿越清宫的换装手游》。白皮书中写道：“坚强公司计划发行10亿Palace Token（下称“P币”）。其中，40%用于公开销售，认购比例：1ETH＝23333 P币；预计2018年四季度上线羊驼交易平台。想要参与这款史上最美滤镜的宫廷换装游戏，玩家必须使用其团队发行的P币才能参与游戏，兑换长袍、肚兜和免死金牌等道具，并获得与其他贵妃、阿哥社交的机会。”区坚强公司找媒体发布项目通稿，举办多场线下社区活动，并在各论坛、微信群里宣传“宫略”的ICO项目，吸引投资者购买。感兴趣的人将以太坊打到指定钱包地址上，区坚强则按照认购比例把P币发给投资者。持有P币的人可以在游戏上线时第一时间体验，还可以等P币在加密货币交易所上市。如果一切顺利，随着相关IP的卖座以及参与游戏的人越来越多，P币的需求将增加，币价往往会跟着上涨；但如果区坚强没有做好“市值管理”，就有可能导致破发（指当前价低于其发行价）。IPO与ICO的区别如下：1）IPO投资者用法币交换股票（股东权益），而ICO投资者用以太坊、比特币等交换项目发行的代币（项目使用权）；2）企业IPO需要满足公众持股量、财务报表等一系列要求，变现周期长；而ICO投资者很有可能在短短几周内变现；3）ICO风险比IPO大：其一，IPO设置涨停、跌停，开关市的时间；而ICO无涨跌停限制，7*24小时交易；其二，企业IPO受《证券法》监管，但我国已经叫停ICO活动，保护ICO投资者的相关法规一片空白。IFO：站在巨人的肩膀上生成新币F，指的是Fork（分叉）。一开始，分叉是为了优化比特币区块大小而提出的解决方案；IFO就像是站在比特币、以太坊等巨人的肩膀上筹钱，比重新开发、推广一个全新的币种容易太多。后来，IFO几乎被投机者“玩坏”，他们在比特币的基础上疯狂分叉，生成各种新的加密货币，比如，区坚强。区坚强也准备进行一轮IFO。由于是在比特币主链上分叉出来的一条新链，区坚强可以预挖[ 1 ]新币Bitcoin Strong(BCS)。根据用户当时的比特币余额，坚强的团队以1：1的比例，把新币BCS分配给那些比特币的持有人。双赢。成功分叉后，区坚强就能把预挖的BCS拿到交易市场上去卖；而对于原比特币用户，他们的内心也多半是喜悦的：分叉币“从天而降”，零成本就能拥有，可以立即拿到二级市场上去变现；如果新币表现良好，就能毫不费力地多了一笔收入。注：[ 1 ] 预挖，指在正式、公开挖矿之前，某些特定群体可以先挖一定数量的加密货币。预挖仅仅是一种挖矿方式，本身无好坏。将预挖分叉币奖励给用户的项目方一般比预挖币独享的项目方，名声会更好。IEO：近水楼台先得月火币的HT、币安的BNB、OKEx的OKB等由加密货币交易所发行的平台币，均属IEO。IEO的特点是“近水楼台先得月”，没有融资认购的过程，省掉了ICO、空投推广等环节，可以直接在加密货币交易所上市交易。此外，平台币的操作性比较灵活，可以用来抵其它交易对的交易费，还可以用来投票上币等。坚强开了一家加密货币交易所S站，他发现IEO有很大的操作空间，于是不久便开始IEO，发行了自己的平台币SB。区坚强规定，SB可以交易，可以抵扣手续费，可以参加社区活动、购买课程；此外，任何想上线S站的新币必须实行投票制，并且仅支持使用SB平台币投票。随着S站运营得火热，来S站交易的人多了起来，SB行情跟着水涨船高。IMO：“用我的矿机，挖我的币”这是区坚强最后一部融资狂想曲。坚强公司想要打造一条专门的游戏公链Strong Blockchain（S链），并通过IMO让团队的收入再上一层楼。于是，公司规定，想要获得ST的矿工，必须使用其研发的矿机。于是，矿工们购买坚强的矿机挖矿，再拿ST到加密货币交易所上去变现。恰逢该币行情看涨，一派欣欣向荣，引来更多的人进场；硬币的另一面，倒卖矿机、炒作币价的人也多了起来。区坚强的故事讲完了，如有雷同，纯属巧合。这些概念大多没有迷惑性，除了IMO。“一颗老鼠屎，坏了一锅粥”，很多人把这种融资方式当成过街老鼠，所以有必要单独把IMO拎出来讲。IMO没有对错之分，用好了是天堂，用坏了就是地狱。典型的IMO常以“买矿机躺着挣钱”为由，诱惑投资者购买/租用矿机、挖矿持币，投资者会拿着这些币到市场上去交易，大概一段时间会值回矿机价格。但一不小心，IMO很容易“长歪”成传销，比如最近闹官司的“购派币”：项目方要求投资者租用矿机取得会员资格，对应购买金额为6500元至52万元不等。每名会员至少要租用一台矿机，不同等级的矿机每天能产生不同数量的“购派币”。判断IMO需要注意两点：1）IMO和发币融资形影不离，表面上在卖硬件，而募资才是重点；2）硬件仅用作矿机，缺少实质可用的功能，难以解决生活中的实际问题。值得注意的是，有些看起来像IMO的硬件销售，其实跟IMO没有关系。在我国，围绕“共享云计算”的智能硬件尤其容易被误伤，比如迅雷的玩客云、极路由的极X和newifi的新路由3。不仅仅是普通群众，就连一些专家、学者都容易弄混。以玩客云为例，这是一款主打下载功能的私人云盘。如果你熟悉玩客云，可以跳过这两段：除了远程下载、手机扩容等硬件功能，玩客云最大的特点在于“玩客奖励计划”：用户把家里的闲置网络带宽、存储空间等共享给玩客云；作为回报，玩客云会回馈用户一种叫做“链克”的token（可译作“通证”，指的是区块链上的权益证明），可以用来兑换共享计算相关的商品和服务，比如优酷、爱奇艺会员、英语课程等等。“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，用户贡献的计算资源越优质，获得的链克奖励也越多。而买了玩客云、但不加入“玩客奖励计划”的用户没有贡献计算机资源，也就不会获得链克。判断它是不是IMO，关键点就在于其是否通过发售硬件进行融资。首先看硬件。玩客云本质上是一款主打极速下载的云盘硬件，兼具远程下载、手机扩容、数据加密等实际功能。竞品云盘的价格基本在¥1200+，而玩客云售价¥599，活动期间更优惠，对混迹科技圈的年轻人来讲不要太美好。用这个低廉价位来圈钱？别闹。其次看token。根据国家相关法律，链克不可流入交易市场。此外，迅雷官方自2018年6月28日起已经永久冻结官方将用于市场运营支出的全部预留链克。也就是说，官方手上根本没有链克，显然谈不上通过链克融资、牟利。该智能硬件的销售全过程没有涉及融资，与IMO无关。最后提醒一句，很多不法分子通过ICO、IMO、IFO等大割韭菜，尤其是其发行的所谓代币，更有归零风险。按你胃，炒币有风险，投资需谨慎！发布于 2018-09-10 14:35IMO首次代币发行（ICO）IFO赞同 9添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录互链脉搏影响有影响

IFO_百度百科

百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10IFO播报讨论上传视频文件名IFO有多种含义：一、“InFOrmation”简称，指为播放器提供十分重要的导航信息的IFO文件；二、是德国经济信息研究所注册协会的英文缩写；三、药品“异环磷酰胺”简称；四、已确认飞行物“Identified Flying Object ”简称。五、IFO 是 Initial Fork Offerings 的缩写，意指：首次分叉发行。外文名InFOrmation简称IFO类型文件名领域计算机目录1IFO文件▪简介▪文件作用▪文件解析▪相关工具—IfoEdit2首次分叉发行3景气指数▪德国IFO景气调查4药物名称▪药物名称——类别▪通用名▪商品名▪药理作用与作用机制▪药代及药动▪适应症▪用法及用量▪不良反应及其处理方法▪使用注意事项5相关英文IFO文件播报编辑简介IFO文件的全称是InFOrmation。IFO文件为播放器提供十分重要的导航信息。比如一个章节从什么地方开始，一个特定的音频流或者字幕流在什么地方，等等。因此IFO文件是控制DVD播放进程的重要文件。IFO文件用来控制VOB文件的播放。文件中保存有怎样以及何时播放VOB文件中数据的控制信息，比如段落的起始时间、音频数据流的位置、字幕数据流的位置等信息。DVD机或者播放软件通过读取IFO文件，才能把组成DVD影片的各种数据有机地结合起来进行播放。文件作用IFODVD光盘上的目录包含了AUDIO_TS和VIDEO_TS 两个子目录。由于Audio_ts是保留给DVD版的激光唱片DVD-AUDIO使用的，所以在DVD影片光盘中，这个文件夹是空的；而Video_ts中则保存着影片所有的视频音频和字幕信息。依照DVD影片光盘(DVD-VIDEO)标准的规定，一个标准的Video_ts文件夹中应该包含三种类型的文件：VOB、IFO、BUP，下面我们再来分别看一下它们各自的作用。VOB(Video OBjects视频目标文件)：VOB文件用来保存DVD影片中的视频数据流、音频数据流、多语言字幕数据流以及供菜单和按钮使用的画面数据。由于一个VOB文件中最多可以保存1个视频数据流、9个音频数据流和32个字幕数据流，所以DVD影片也就可以拥有最多9种语言的伴音和32种语言的字幕。IFO (InFOrmation信息文件)：IFO文件用来控制VOB文件的播放。文件中保存有怎样以及何时播放VOB文件中数据的控制信息，比如段落的起始时间、音频数据流的位置、字幕数据流的位置等信息。DVD机或者播放软件通过读取IFO文件，才能把组成DVD影片的各种数据有机地结合起来进行播放。由于IFO文件关系到光盘能否正常播放，因此所有的IFO文件都有一个备份——即相应同名的BUP文件。标准的DVD光盘都是自动播放的。是否自动播放，在于微机播放器的设置。BUP(BackUP备份文件)：BUP文件和IFO文件的内容完全相同，是IFO文件的备份。由于IFO文件对于保证影片的正常播放非常重要，所以需要保留一个副本，以备在IFO文件的读取发生错误时仍然可以通过读取BUP文件来得到相应的信息。文件解析由于片厂可能在灌录DVD时作了一些处理，导致有时无法直接拷贝.vob文件或拷贝下来却不可用，这就需利用一些工具软件了，此处使用的是vStrip0.8f。下载的vStrip解压即可使用，vStrip是个命令行软件，但带有图形GUI外壳，考虑到使用的难易度，下文仅以图形GUI的形式讲解。将DVD碟片放入DVD光驱，笔者使用的是一张D5版的《天使爱美丽》，然后在资源管理器里查看DVD根目录下的VIDEO_TS目录。这里可能有两种情况，一种情况是碟片上的IFO文件只有VIDEO_TS.IFO和另一个VIDEO_*_*.IFO文件，显然DVD正片的IFO就是“VIDEO_*_*.IFO”了；另一种情况是存在VIDEO_TS.IFO文件与多个VIDEO_*_*.IFO文件，可知这种碟片除了正片外还穿插了花絮、广告之类的内容，此时你要确定正片的IFO文件非常容易，其中有几个大小1G的连续排列的VTS_*_*.VOB文件，其所对应的IFO文件就是我们要选择的。例如笔者有一张《大卫十五年魔术精华》，其正片内容就是在VIDEO_01_1.VOB～VIDEO_01_4.VOB里，对应的IFO文件就是VIDEO_01_0.IFO。由于DVDrip制作要保留下来的是DVD正片的内容，所以一般只要将碟片的正片.vob文件内容拷贝出来即可。若希望保存花絮之类的其它内容，也非常简单，通过其对应的IFO文件拷贝出VOB文件，然后在后期剪辑制作时加上即可，但这就不在我们讨论的范围里了，需要的朋友可自行实验一下，操作并不困难。启动vStrip_GUI.exe，点选“IFO”选项卡，点击“…”按钮载入DVD正片对应的IFO文件，这时能得到碟片的详细信息。根据所得信息，你可选择拷贝部分还是全部，这里我们是做一张完整的DVDrip，所以在长度标记上点击右键，在弹出菜单选“Setstart&endlba”，这样，需拷贝内容的起点和终点已自动添好在“Input”选项卡中。在“Input”选项卡下点击“Add”载入光碟上可用的VOB主文件，在“Output”选项卡中选择输出路径及输出文件名，这里将输出名设为“Amelie”，其它参数都采取默认，即一次性拷贝所有视频和音频，不分割。设置好后然后点界面下方的“Run”，vStrip就会开始将所有.vob文件从光碟上按正确的播放顺序拷贝到硬盘上，记住要留下5G以上的硬盘空间，因为即使是D5版的DVD也有4G以上的容量。拷贝完毕，得到一个巨大的名为Amelie的VOB源文件。相关工具—IfoEditIfoEdit在DVD光盘中，有一系列扩展名为ifo的文件，文件不大，但是对于DVD的控制和播放非常重要，在这类文件当中存放着DVD的区码，每个电影段落的起始地址，DVD碟中各视频的播放顺序。音频的组织，字幕的组织等等，可以说ifo文件是DVD中的核心文件。IfoEdit这个软件，虽说只有1M的大小，但是提供的功能却十分的强大，在DVD制作、分析中有非常好的口碑。正如它的名字一样，这个软件首先是ifo文件的编辑器，它能够对ifo文件进行解析，以一种能够理解的注释标注ifo文件的每一个元素，在这种基础上，能够对诸如区码、音频设置、视频设置进行修改，但是要注意的是，这个软件只能对控制信息进行修改，如果要对视频、音频、字幕等DVD元素内容进行修改的话，还要借助于其他的工具。除了这个功能之外，这个软件还是一个DVD播放器，借助于你机器内安装注册的解码器进行播放，我想这种功能的设置主要的目的是验证对ifo文件修改、编辑的结果。更重要的是，这个软件还是一个简单的DVD制作工具，用它可以制作多title，多字幕，多音轨的DVD节目，对于那种准备好视频、音频、字幕的用户来说，这个软件所提供的功能已经足够了，剩下的就要看制作者对ifo文件的了解程度了。首次分叉发行播报编辑Initial Fork Offerings (IFO) 指的是首次分叉发行，通常指拷贝一份比特币的代码，然后添加符合自己理念的代码，进而在原先比特币的基础上，重新分叉出来一种新的数字货币，然后空投给所有比特币持有者。这个过程，就称为首次分叉发行。景气指数播报编辑IFO报告IFO经济景气指数(IFO Business Climate Index)是由德国IFO研究机构所编制，为观察德国经济状况的重要领先指标。IFO是德国经济信息研究所注册协会的英文缩写，1949年成立于慕尼黑，是一家公益性的、独立的经济研究所，被称为德国政府智库之一。 IFO经济景气指数的编制，是对包括制造业、建筑业及零售业等各产业部门每个月均进行调查，每次调查所涵盖的企业家数在7000家以上，依企业评估目前的处境状况，以及短期内企业的计划及对未来半年的看法而编制出的指数。德国IFO景气调查含义：评估当前和未来经济景气的状况的德国商业领先指标。发布新闻的网址：（见拓展阅读）发布时间：欧洲时间的上午10点；当月的第四周公布。IFO调查频率：每月一次。来源：伊弗经济研究所（IFO Institute for Economic Research）。修正：很少。当季节性调整因素变化后进行周期性的修正。德国伊弗研究所（IFO）景气调查是欧洲每月发布的最具经济预测性的统计调查之一。它是德国经济运行状况，更广泛地说，是几个星期后欧洲的经济运行状况的一个非常好的领先指标。当然，工业生产指数也享有相同的声誉，但是由于IFO景气调查在当月发布的及时性，使投资者对IFO报告相当敏感。伊弗商业影响调查和美国供应管理协会的制造业报告表现出高度的相关性。近几年来，ISM（供应管理协会）的数据在滞后6个月的持续上升已经伴随着德国伊弗预期指数的上升。注意到美国经济的规模及它在世界经济中的重要性，那就不足为奇了。两个调查数据的联系，也从另一个角度说明国际经济已经相互联系得极其紧密。药物名称播报编辑药物名称——类别异环磷酰胺（如烷化剂，抗代谢类，内分泌等）异环磷酰胺（IFO）通用名N'，N'-双-（2-氯乙基）-N'-O-丙撑磷酰二胺商品名匹服平、和乐生药理作用与作用机制IFO静注后迅速分布各组织中，需经肝药酶活化生成异环磷酰胺芥氮，发挥抗肿瘤作用，其作用机制与芥氮相似，为细胞周期非特异性药物，主要抑制DNA的合成，同时对RNA蛋白质也有抑制作用。药代及药动半衰期为15h，主要从尿中排出。IFO的抗癌效果与在一定浓度下所持续的时间相关，分次给药可获得更好的生物学效应。适应症各种软组织肉瘤和骨肉瘤复发和转移性睾丸肿瘤非霍奇金氏病淋巴瘤乳腺癌，肺癌食管癌卵巢癌，宫颈癌用法及用量1.2-20.--2.0/M2NS 1000ML 静滴持续4h 3-5天Mesna 800-1200mg 于0、4、8h各静脉冲入一次不良反应及其处理方法出血性膀胱炎处理1、Mesna 800-1200mg 于0、4、8h各静脉冲入一次2、水化利尿3、分次剂量应用异环磷酰胺骨髓抑制：生白药，如尤尼芬等应用中枢神经系统毒性：症状一般较轻，停药可恢复。胃肠道反应：一般处理脱发及低血钾使用注意事项肝肾功能不全慎用；水化、Mesna应用防止出血性膀胱炎；尽可能少用镇静药、镇痛药、麻醉药等，以减少中枢神经系统毒性。相关英文播报编辑1.英文全称Identified Flying Object2.中文全称已确认飞行物3.注释“不明飞行物”经过仔细的观察研究，若是能够确认为已知的物体，则归类为“已确认飞行物”。一般而言，不明飞行物的目击报告，经过详细的科学研究探讨，约有90℅可被确认为已确认飞行物，例如：飞机、空飘气球、放天灯、受大气扰动的亮星、海市蜃楼、飞鸟、军事演习炮弹、特殊气象现象、特殊天文现象等，这些被确认的飞行物称为“已确认飞行物”。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

什么是IFO：超越比特币还是变相ICO - 知乎

什么是IFO：超越比特币还是变相ICO - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册什么是IFO：超越比特币还是变相ICO六陌金融　彼时，在“币圈”（一群利用区块链技术开发、发行、运营、交易虚拟货币的人）浸淫数年的金晖，花了一年多的时间组织、策划了多个虚拟货币项目的ICO（首次代币发行），涵盖游戏、金融科技等领域。不过，在去年9月4日ICO“一刀切”政策出台，国内众多虚拟货币交易所纷纷关停之后，金晖的工作和生活并没有慢下来，而是进一步按下快进键。　　在“9.4新政”出台大约半个月之后，金晖并没有像很多“币圈”的朋友一样，继续将大多数精力放在转战海外的ICO项目上。在朋友的介绍和帮助下，他开始参与一些虚拟货币的IFO项目。　　所谓IFO（Initial Fork Offerings 首次分叉币发行），指的是基于比特币、以太坊等主流币种而进行的分叉，在这些主流币的原有区块链基础上，按照不同规则分裂出另一条链。由于持有比特币、以太坊等主流币种的人可以在IFO过程中获得分叉后的新币，因此IFO也被业内认为是一种新的虚拟货币融资手段。　　在“币圈”，第一次IFO被认为是比特币分叉产生BCH（比特币现金）的过程。由于比特币是通过各个网络节点计算数据而产生的，而比特币区块大小只有1MB（相当于网络带宽），造成比特币交易拥堵而缓慢。2017年8月初，比特币被人以技术手段分叉，产生一种新的数字货币BCH，后者的区块大小为8MB，而且区块容量可调整，但在数量和算法方面仍和比特币保持一样，拥有比特币的人可按1：1的比例免费获得BCH。　　由于比特币是开源的技术项目，且IFO不需要经过比特币开发团队的同意，所以只需在比特币的基础上分叉，并给拥有旧币种的人1：1发放新币种（这一过程也被业内称为“分糖果”）。这一过程，也被业内视为继ICO之后，另一种新的变相发行虚拟货币的方式。　　BCH分叉成功后，越来越多新的虚拟货币通过IFO的方式产生了：BTG（比特币黄金）、BCD（比特币钻石）、SBTC（超级比特币）、LBTC（闪电比特币）、BTP（比特币白金）、BCK（比特币王者）、BTG（比特币上帝）……　　由于越来越多新的币种出现，币圈人士经常感慨“币圈一日，人间一年”。加密货币交易所排行网站CoinMarketCap显示，全球现有8100多个虚拟货币交易所，流通的虚拟货币近1500种。随着IFO等手段的逐渐普及，还将出现各种新的虚拟货币。　　BCH等IFO项目的成功示范，以及ICO在国内被“一刀切”禁止的现实，让许多“币圈”新人也开始摩拳擦掌参与IFO。这类需求在无形中也催生了代写IFO商业计划书的服务。　　在淘宝网上，有不少声称可以制作ICO 区块链白皮书的商家。一位淘宝店家的客服告诉中国青年报·中青在线记者，只要提供IFO项目的具体思路、团队介绍、“糖果”分配方案等资料，就可以代写完整的IFO项目白皮书，包括专业技术术语和图表，相应的服务费则需要数千元。“越要求真实，就越要提供更多的资料。”　　中国青年报·中青在线记者注意到，这家淘宝店铺在今年1月中旬才开始从事此类业务，此前承接的都是网站建设、商业计划书撰写等业务。据介绍，该淘宝店铺经营者此前长期从事虚拟现实视频处理工作，2017年年底招募了几位大学毕业生加入，专门研究替人撰写白皮书。该客服表示：“炒币火了之后才开始做的，每天都有不少人咨询。”数据显示，该店家的区块链白皮书代写服务已有十多笔交易记录。　　对于这类白皮书代写服务，金晖嗤之以鼻。作为“币圈老人”，他更愿意相信线下“圈子里的这些人”。　　进入2018年，金晖一直在忙着和朋友在几座大城市进行IFO项目的路演。在这些路演中，他经常抛出一个观点：IFO人人可参与，未来是“一人一币”的世界。“现在用户越来越多，但是币种太少，大家都在老币种里纠缠没意思，这也是比特币、以太坊价格上涨的一个原因。”金晖觉得，在普及区块链价值和融资方面，IFO所能发挥的作用可能并不比ICO更弱。　　苏宁金融研究院高级研究员洪蜀宁长期关注虚拟货币融资领域。他告诉中国青年报·中青在线记者，IFO和ICO都是通过虚拟货币进行融资的手段，但也有很大的不同：与ICO相比，IFO技术含量更高，一些IFO（如比特币现金、比特币黄金等）出发点是对比特币核心团队技术路线的不满，是对比特币共识机制升级的一种尝试，未来也有超越从而取代现有比特币的可能。　　但是，洪蜀宁也注意到，“币圈”中也有假借IFO非法融资的情况。“有些IFO是纯粹的跟风炒作，甚至连源代码都不公布，具有欺诈的嫌疑。”　　对于比特币的支撑技术区块链，以及与区块链概念相关的公司、股票和产品所遭到的炒作，2017年11月，国际知名管理咨询公司德勤发布的研究报告《区块链技术变革：来自GitHub 平台的见解》认为，在GitHub平台（一个面向开源及私有软件项目的托管平台）上运行的近九万个区块链项目中，受访时存活的只有5%左右，项目平均寿命1.22年。　　“可见，区块链技术的应用成熟和市场化场景应用，还有很远的路要走，热炒只能是泡沫。”中国政法大学资本金融研究院副院长武长海认为，比特币IFO之后所出现的两条链、两种币究竟孰是孰非，到底哪个才是真正的比特币，仍然存在很大争议，但这最终还是取决于投资者的取舍，而一个健康的虚拟货币交易市场应当包括合法性、公平性和安全性等要素。编辑于 2018-01-30 13:25比特币 (Bitcoin)赞同 1添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请

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Sentiment among companies and households is poor and uncertainty is high. Price-adjusted gross domestic product will increase by only 0.2 percent this year compared to the previous year. Next year, economic output will then increase by 1.5 percent. This means that the growth forecast for the current year has been significantly lowered (by 0.7 percentage points) compared to the ifo Economic Forecast Winter 2023 and slightly raised (by 0.2 percentage points) for 2025. Contrary to expectations, the German economy is in recession in the winter half-year 2023/24. In particular, a recovery in industrial activity will not set in until later

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IFO - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册IFO暂无话题描述关注话题管理分享讨论精华视频等待回答切换为时间排序门头沟价值26亿美元大饼会砸盘吗？cake的IFO上市，还有哪些游戏值得期待！小仙女实时前言动态VX：JQJZ168大家下午好我是崛起东哥。［了解圈内一级市塲最新讯息: 崛起东哥（jueqimay） [图片] 大饼开始回调了，24小时下跌了5%左右，以太也跌了6%，开始回调洗盘了。主要利空消息说的是“门头沟”14万个比特币明日分配，这个清算补偿计划可能会造成价值26亿美元的大饼抛售，如果果真卖出，对市值影响肯定是比较大的。不过，这种消息不能太过在意，这个门头沟每年都会来一次，很可能是庄家借此利空消息达到洗盘的目的，不要轻易被骗下车。大饼…阅读全文赞同 3添加评论分享收藏什么是IFO和IMO？觅罗宝一个跨境投资的新事物[图片] IFO-Initial Fork Offering首次分叉发行与ICO发行代币融资不同，IFO是基于比特币等主流币而进行的分叉，持有诸如比特币等主流币可获得分叉币，即一种新的虚拟货币。 IFO技术人员采用技术手段对比特币等主流货币分叉，开发的分叉币会按比例相应分配给比特币持有人，并且在交易流通中获得价值，部分也会通过数字资产交易所进行交易流通。一．分叉币的由来首先得理解，什么是分叉？分叉是一种常规的技术现象，由比特币的工作量…阅读全文赞同 2添加评论分享收藏区块链分叉真相，千万别给无知自媒体害了（含IFO，软分叉，硬分叉辨析）徐戈解营销关注本号，解营销暗学，得不世出之略洒家每次冒泡，基本都是激于义愤，区块链这么一个漂亮东西，愣是让某些媒体，自媒体描画得错漏百出体无完肤。今天要正本清源的话题叫“分叉”，一说到分叉，大部分人可能脑子晃过的基本就是分裂，头发分叉，尿尿叉叉等非正向的念头。潜意识中，不少人认为分叉就是个病，得治。而今儿个洒家偏要证明给你看分叉其实是个好东西。认识不到这一点，你可能会少一门挖掘百倍币的趁手绝招。话不多提，看文什么是分叉 [图片] 普遍地来讲，…阅读全文赞同 41 条评论分享收藏一文读懂ICO、IFO、IMO、IEO区别，或是全网最全科普互链Professor互链脉搏，影响有影响力的人！作者：互链脉搏资深编辑 · 链十三公*号ID：HiveEcon ；互链脉搏 ,影响有影响力的人！我们都被时代洪流裹着走。没有一点点防备，区块链价值传输时代突然就来了；很多人还没有弄清CEO，COO，CFO，CMO，CIO的区别，又来了新的一串O：ICO，IFO、IEO和IMO。这是四种不同的融资方式，没有对错，不存在二元对立。然而，在全球范围内，针对IC/F/E/MO的法律几乎空白（除了泰国、马耳他等少数国家），其概念容易被人利用来诈骗或割…阅读全文赞同 9添加评论分享收藏比特币的表兄弟们Amyxu国际学校教师；该号同时代发丈夫的技术博客版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。 http://blog.csdn.net/wxid2798226/article/details/78901469 这段时间比特币的价格变化，和各个“表兄弟”是有直接关系的。 IFO，克隆时代前一阵子，IFO（Initial Fork Offering 首次分叉发行）比较热门。如果说ICO是新生产一个数字货币的婴儿，从头开始培养；那么IFO就是将比特币这个带头大哥克隆出一个兄弟来（包含已有的账户以及生态），然后各自分道扬镳，各自独立发展。和ICO相比，IFO的优点是客户群很明…阅读全文赞同添加评论分享收藏2017年开始的这轮数字货币牛市，将会如何结束？一汉当五胡一笔仗义执言，一身正气凛然。18年经济危机一来，就结束。阅读全文赞同添加评论分享收藏喜欢请问如何删除vob文件中的字幕？匿名用户本来原始文件没字幕，非NM加字幕。害的我还得重新整理。阅读全文赞同添加评论分享收藏喜欢浏览量1.7 万讨论量14 帮助中心知乎隐私保护指引申请开通机构号联系我们举报中心涉未成年举报网络谣言举报涉企虚假举报更多关于知乎下载知乎知乎招聘知乎指南知乎协议更多京 ICP 证 110745 号 · 京 ICP 备 13052560 号 - 1 · 京公网安备 11010802020088 号 · 京网文[2022]2674-081 号 · 药品医疗器械网络信息服务备案（京）网药械信息备字（2022）第00334号 · 广播电视节目制作经营许可证:（京）字第06591号 · 服务热线：400-919-0001 · Investor Relations · © 2024 知乎北京智者天下科技有限公司版权所有 · 违法和不良信息举报：010-82716601 · 举报邮箱：jubao@zhihu.

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一文读懂ICO、IFO、IMO、IEO区别，或是全网最全科普 - 知乎

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