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Common cold - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Common cold - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

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Common cold

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Symptoms &causesDiagnosis &treatment

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COVID-19, cold, allergies and the flu: What are the differences? - Related informationCOVID-19, cold, allergies and the flu: What are the differences?

The common cold is an illness affecting your nose and throat. Most often, it's harmless, but it might not feel that way. Germs called viruses cause a common cold.

Often, adults may have two or three colds each year. Infants and young children may have colds more often.

Most people recover from a common cold in 7 to 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. If symptoms don't get better or if they get worse, see your health care provider.

Illnesses of the nose and throat caused by germs are called upper respiratory tract infections.Products & ServicesA Book: Mayo Clinic Book of Home Remedies

SymptomsMost often, common cold symptoms start 1 to 3 days after someone is exposed to a cold virus. Symptoms vary. They can include:

Runny or stuffy nose.

Sore or scratchy throat.

Cough.

Sneezing.

Generally feeling unwell.

Slight body aches or a mild headache.

Low-grade fever.

The mucus from your nose may start out clear and become thicker and yellow or green. This change is normal. Most often, it doesn't mean that you have a bacterial illness.

When to see a doctorFor adults. Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. But see your health care provider if you have:

Symptoms that get worse or do not get better.

Fever greater than 101.3 degrees Fahrenheit (38.5 degrees Celsius) that lasts more than three days.

Fever returning after a fever-free period.

Shortness of breath.

Wheezing.

Intense sore throat, headache or sinus pain.

For children. Most children with a common cold don't need to see a health care provider. Get medical care right away if your child has any of the following:

Fever of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) in newborns up to 12 weeks.

Rising fever or fever lasting more than two days in a child of any age.

More-intense symptoms, such as headache, throat pain or cough.

Trouble with breathing or wheezing.

Ear pain.

Fussiness or drowsiness that isn't typical.

No interest in eating.

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CausesMany viruses can cause a common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause.

A cold virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes or nose. The virus can spread by:

Droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks.

Hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold.

Sharing objects with the virus on them, such as dishes, towels, toys or telephones.

Touching your eyes, nose or mouth after contact with the virus.

Risk factorsThese factors can increase the chances of getting a cold:

Age. Infants and young children have a greater risk of colds than other people, especially if they spend time in child care settings.

Weakened immune system. Having a long-term illness or weakened immune system increases your risk.

Time of year. Both children and adults are more likely to get colds in fall and winter.

Smoking. Smoking or being around secondhand smoke increases the risk of catching a cold.

Exposure. Being in crowds, such as at school or on an airplane, increases the chance of getting a cold.

ComplicationsThese conditions can occur along with your cold:

Middle ear infection. This is the swelling and build-up of fluids in the space behind the eardrum. It may be caused by a virus or bacteria. Typical signs and symptoms include earaches or the return of a fever following a common cold.

Asthma. A cold can trigger wheezing, even in people who don't have asthma. For people with asthma, a cold can make it worse.

Sinusitis. In adults or children, a common cold that lasts a while can lead to swelling and pain in the sinuses. These are air-filled spaces in the skull above the eyes and around the nose. A virus or bacteria may cause sinusitis.

Other illnesses. A common cold can lead to illnesses of the lungs, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. People with asthma or weakened immune systems have an increased risk of these conditions.

More InformationPlugged ears: What is the remedy?

PreventionThere's no vaccine for the common cold. You can take these steps to slow the spread of the virus and prevent illness:

Wash your hands. Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Teach your children the importance of hand-washing. Try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.

Clean and disinfect. Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often. These include doorknobs, light switches, electronics, and kitchen and bathroom countertops. This is especially important when someone in your family has a cold. Wash children's toys often.

Cover your cough. Sneeze and cough into tissues. Throw away used tissues right away, and then wash your hands. If you don't have a tissue, sneeze or cough into the bend of your elbow, and then wash your hands.

Don't share. Don't share drinking glasses or silverware with other family members.

Stay away from people with colds. Avoid close contact with anyone who has a cold. Stay out of crowds when possible. Try not to touch your eyes, nose and mouth when you're in crowds.

Review your child care center's policies. Look for a child care setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keeping sick children at home.

Take care of yourself. Eat well, exercise and get plenty of sleep to help you stay healthy.

By Mayo Clinic Staff

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Diagnosis & treatment

May 24, 2023

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Show references

AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2017-2018. Pediatrics. 2017; doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2550.

Sullivan JE, et al. Clinical report — Fever and antipyretic use in children. Pediatrics. 2011; doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3852. Reaffirmed July 2016.

314 labeling of drug preparations containing salicylates. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=76be002fc0488562bf61609b21a6b11e&mc=true&node=se21.4.201_1314&rgn=div8. Accessed Feb. 22, 2018.

Renaud DL (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 27, 2018.

Common colds: Protect yourself and others. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

AskMayoExpert. Upper respiratory tract infection. Mayo Clinic; 2019.

Common cold. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/respiratory-viruses/common-cold?query=Common%20Cold. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Common cold. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Natural medicines for cold and flu. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Green JL, et al. Safety profile of cough and cold medication use in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2017; doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3070.

When to give kids medicine for coughs and colds. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/when-give-kids-medicine-coughs-and-colds. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

Sexton DJ, et al. The common cold in adults: Treatment and prevention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 21, 2021.

Vitamin C. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Echinacea. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Zinc. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Sore throats. American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery. https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/sore-throats/. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

Pappas DE. The common cold in children: Management and prevention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 23, 2021.

Baughn JM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 12, 2021.

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Common Cold: Symptoms, How to Treat, and More

Common Cold: Symptoms, How to Treat, and More

Health ConditionsFeaturedBreast CancerIBD MigraineMultiple Sclerosis (MS)Rheumatoid ArthritisType 2 DiabetesSponsored TopicsArticlesAcid RefluxADHDAllergiesAlzheimer's & DementiaBipolar DisorderCancerCrohn's DiseaseChronic PainCold & FluCOPDDepressionFibromyalgiaHeart DiseaseHigh CholesterolHIVHypertensionIPFOsteoarthritisPsoriasisSkin Disorders and CareSTDsDiscoverWellness TopicsNutritionFitnessSkin CareSexual HealthWomen's HealthMental Well-BeingSleepProduct ReviewsVitamins & SupplementsSleepMental HealthNutritionAt-Home TestingCBDMen’s HealthOriginal SeriesFresh Food FastDiagnosis DiariesYou’re Not AlonePresent TenseVideo SeriesYouth in FocusHealthy HarvestThrough An Artist's EyeFuture of HealthPlanHealth ChallengesMindful EatingSugar SavvyMove Your BodyGut HealthMood FoodsAlign Your SpineFind CarePrimary CareMental HealthOB-GYNDermatologistsNeurologistsCardiologistsOrthopedistsLifestyle QuizzesWeight ManagementAm I Depressed? A Quiz for TeensAre You a Workaholic?How Well Do You Sleep?Tools & ResourcesHealth NewsFind a DietFind Healthy SnacksDrugs A-ZHealth A-ZConnectFind Your Bezzy CommunityBreast CancerInflammatory Bowel DiseasePsoriatic ArthritisMigraineMultiple SclerosisPsoriasisFollow us on social mediaHealthlineHealth ConditionsDiscoverPlanConnectSubscribeEverything You Need to Know About the Common ColdMedically reviewed by Chris Young, DNP, RN, NE-BC, NPD — By Kimberly Holland — Updated on December 23, 2021SymptomsCold vs. fluDiagnosisTreatment — adultsTreatment — childrenDurationDietRisk factorsPreventionProtect othersWhen to get careSummaryThe common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract. The most common cause is a rhinovirus, and the most common symptoms are a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, and a scratchy, sore throat.The first signs of the common cold are fairly obvious: a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, and a scratchy, sore throat. Most people quickly recognize these early symptoms because the common cold is so ordinary. In fact, adults have an average of 2 to 3 colds per year.The common cold is actually a viral infection in your upper respiratory tract. A cold can be caused by more than 200 viruses. The most common are rhinoviruses. These viruses are easily spread from person to person or surface to surface. Many of these viruses can live on surfaces for hours, even days.While the common cold may indeed be familiar, there are some things to know about this ailment that can help you feel better, avoid future colds, or even prevent the spread of the virus to other people. Read on to learn how to cope with the common cold.What are the symptoms of a cold?Once you‘re exposed to a cold-causing virus, cold symptoms typically take 1 to 3 days to appear. The symptoms of a cold rarely appear suddenly.Nasal symptoms include:congestionsinus pressurerunny nosestuffy noseloss of smell or tastesneezingwatery nasal secretionspostnasal drip or drainage in the back of your throatHead symptoms include:watery eyesheadachesore throatcoughswollen lymph nodesWhole body symptoms include:fatigue or general tirednesschillsbody acheslow grade fever below 102°F (38.9°C)chest discomfortdifficulty breathing deeplySymptoms of a cold typically last for 7 to 10 days. Symptoms tend to peak around day 5 and gradually improve. However, if your symptoms worsen after a week or haven’t disappeared after about 10 days, you may have another condition, and it may be time to see a doctor.What’s the difference between a cold and the flu?The common cold and the flu may seem very similar at first. They are indeed both respiratory illnesses and can cause similar symptoms. However, different viruses cause these two conditions, and your symptoms will help you differentiate between the two.Knowing the difference between cold and flu symptoms can help you decide how to treat your condition — and whether you need to see a doctor.SymptomsColdFluSymptom onsetgradual (1–3 days)suddenSymptom severitymild to moderatemoderate to severeFeverrarecommonHeadacherarecommonSore throatcommonoccasionallyAchesmildmoderate to severeChillsuncommoncommonCough, chest discomfortmild to moderatecommon, can be severeSneezingcommonoccasionallyVomiting, upset stomachrareoccasionallyComplicationsrareoccasionallyAs a rule, flu symptoms are more severe than cold symptoms.Another distinct difference between the two is how serious they are. Colds rarely cause additional health conditions or problems. The flu, however, can lead to complications like: sinus and ear infectionspneumoniasepsisDiagnosing a coldDiagnosing an uncomplicated cold rarely requires a trip to your doctor’s office. Recognizing the symptoms of a cold is often all you need in order to figure out your diagnosis. Of course, if your symptoms worsen or last longer than 10 days, make an appointment with a doctor. You could actually be dealing with a different health condition, which your doctor will be able to diagnose.If you have a cold, you can expect the virus to work its way out of your system in about 7 to 10 days. If your doctor diagnoses a cold, you’ll likely only need to treat your symptoms until the virus has had a chance to run its course. These treatments can include using over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications, staying hydrated, and getting plenty of rest.If you have the flu, the virus may take the same amount of time as a cold to fully disappear. But if you notice your symptoms are getting worse after day 5, or if you don’t start feeling better after a week, it’s a good idea to follow up with your doctor, as you may have developed another condition. If you have the flu, you may benefit from taking an antiviral flu medication early in the virus’ cycle. Rest and hydration are also very beneficial for people with the flu. Much like the common cold, the flu just needs time to work its way through your body.Learn more about diagnosing a cold.If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here.Treatment for adultsShare on PinterestIllustration by Yaja’ MulcareThe common cold is a viral infection in your upper respiratory tract. Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics. In most cases, viruses like the cold just need to run their course. You can treat the symptoms of the infection, but you can’t actually treat the infection itself.Cold treatments generally fall into two main categories: over-the-counter (OTC) medications and home remedies. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicationsThe most common OTC medications used for colds include:Decongestants. Decongestant medications help ease nasal congestion and stuffiness.Antihistamines. Antihistamines help prevent sneezing and also ease runny nose symptoms.Pain relievers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin can help ease body aches, inflammation, and fever symptoms.Common cold medications sometimes include a combination of these medications. If you’re using one, be sure to read the label and understand what you’re taking so you don’t accidentally take more than you should of any one class of drug.The most common side effects from OTC cold medications include:dizzinessdehydrationdry mouthdrowsinessnauseaheadacheIf you’ve previously received a diagnosis of high blood pressure, you should consult your doctor before using any OTC cold medications. Certain medications help relieve symptoms by narrowing blood vessels and reducing blood flow. If you have high blood pressure, this may affect blood flow throughout your body.Home remediesLike OTC cold remedies, home remedies for the common cold don’t cure or treat a cold. Instead, they can help make your symptoms less severe and easier to manage.The most effective and common home remedies for a cold include:Gargling with salt water. A salt water gargle can help coat your throat and ease irritation.Drinking plenty of fluids. Staying well hydrated helps you replace fluids you’ve lost while also helping relieve congestion. Using vapor rub. Vapor rub topical ointments help open your airways and ease congestion.Getting lots of rest. Getting plenty of rest helps your body save energy to let the virus run its course.Zinc lozenges. Zinc lozenges may reduce how long cold symptoms last if they’re taken at the very start of your symptoms. Echinacea. According to research, echinacea may be effective at reducing the duration of a cold in some cases.Learn about more home remedies for cold symptoms.Treatment for childrenThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t recommend OTC medications for cough and cold symptoms in children younger than 2 because these medications could cause serious and potentially life threatening side effects. Manufacturers voluntarily label these cough and cold products: “Do not use in children under 4 years of age.“You may be able to help ease a child’s cold symptoms with these home remedies:Rest. Children who have a cold may be more tired and irritable than normal. If possible, let them stay home from school and rest until the cold has cleared.Hydration. It’s very important that children with a cold get plenty of fluids. Colds can dehydrate them quickly. Make sure they’re drinking regularly. Water is great. Warm drinks like tea can pull double duty as a sore throat soother.Food. Kids with a cold may not feel as hungry as usual, so look for ways to give them calories and fluids. Smoothies and soups are two good options.Salt water gargles. Salt water gargles aren’t the most pleasant experience, but gargling with warm, salty water can help soothe sore throats. Saline nasal sprays can also help clear nasal congestion. Warm baths. A warm bath may help ease mild aches and pains that are common with a cold.A cool mist humidifier. A cool mist humidifier can help decrease nasal congestion. Don’t use a warm mist humidifier, as it can cause swelling in the nasal passages, making it more difficult to breathe. Bulb syringe. Nasal suctioning with a bulb syringe works well to clear babies‘ nasal passages. Older children typically resist bulb syringes.Learn more about treating colds in children.How long does a cold last?The average common cold lasts anywhere from 7 to 10 days, but they can last as long as 2 weeks. Depending on your overall health, you may have symptoms for more or less time. For example, people who smoke or have asthma may experience symptoms for a longer period of time. If your symptoms don’t ease or disappear within 7 to 10 days, make an appointment to see a doctor. If your symptoms begin worsening after 5 days, it’s also important to see a doctor. Symptoms that don’t go away or get worse could be a sign of a bigger problem, such as the flu or strep throat.Learn more about what you can expect throughout your cold’s duration.What food should you eat if you have a cold?When you’re sick, you might not feel like eating at all, but your body still needs the energy that food provides. The following foods may be extra helpful for your cold recovery:Chicken noodle soupThe salty soup is a classic “treatment” for all kinds of illnesses. It’s especially great for colds. Warm liquids are good for helping open up your sinuses so you can breathe more easily, and the salt from the soup can ease irritated throat tissue.Hot teaWarm drinks like tea are great for colds. Add honey for a cough-busting boost. Slices of ginger may also reduce inflammation and ease congestion. Try to stay away from coffee, though. Caffeine can interfere with medications, and it may increase your risk of dehydration.YogurtYogurt contains billions of healthy bacteria that can boost your gut health. Having a healthy microbiome in your gut may help your body fight any number of illnesses and conditions, including a cold.PopsiclesLike hot tea, popsicles may help numb and ease the pain of a sore throat. Look for low sugar varieties or make your own “smoothie” pop with yogurt, fruit, and natural juices.The most important thing to remember when you have a cold is to stay hydrated. Drink water or warm tea regularly. Avoid caffeine and alcohol while you’re recovering from a cold. Both can make your cold symptoms worse.Learn more about what you should eat and drink to soothe a sore throat.Risk factors for the common coldCertain conditions may increase your risk of catching a cold. These include:Time of year. Colds can happen any time of year, but they’re more common in the fall and winter, or during rainy seasons. We spend more time inside when it’s cold and wet, which increases the chance of the virus spreading.Age. Children under age 6 are more likely to develop colds. Their risk is even higher if they’re in day care or a child care setting with other kids. Environment. If you’re around a lot of people, such as on a plane or at a concert, you’re more likely to encounter rhinoviruses. Compromised immune system. If you have a chronic illness or have been sick recently, you may be more likely to pick up a cold virus.Smoking. People who smoke have an increased risk of catching a cold, and their colds tend to be more severe. Lack of sleep. Irregular or inadequate sleep can affect your immune system, which may make you more susceptible to cold viruses.Learn more about the risk factors for a cold.How to protect yourself from a coldUncomplicated colds are a minor illness, but they’re inconvenient and can certainly make you feel miserable. You can’t get a vaccine to prevent colds like you can the flu. But you can do a few key things during cold season to help you avoid picking up a cold virus.Tips for cold preventionWash your hands. Washing your hands with soap and water is the best way to stop the spread of germs. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer gels and sprays as a last resort when you can’t get to a sink.Avoid sick people. This is reason number one why sick people shouldn’t go to work or school. It’s very easy to spread germs in tight quarters like offices or classrooms. If you notice someone isn’t feeling well, go out of your way to avoid them. Be sure to wash your hands if you come into contact with them.Take care of your gut. Eat plenty of bacteria-rich foods like yogurt, or take a daily probiotic supplement. Keeping your gut bacteria healthy can help boost your overall health.Don‘t touch your face. Cold viruses can live on your body without making you sick, but once you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes with infected hands, you’ll likely get sick. Avoid touching your face, or wash your hands before you do so.Was this helpful?Check out more tips for cold prevention.How to protect othersWhen a person contracts a cold-causing virus, it can be spread to others through the air, on surfaces, and through close, personal contact. People carrying the virus can also leave virus behind on shared surfaces like doorknobs and computers. If you‘re sick with a cold, it’s important to be a good neighbor, family member, or friend and take steps to protect those around you when possible. Tips for protecting othersWash your hands. Washing your hands protects you, but it also protects others. When you wash your hands, you reduce the risk of spreading the virus elsewhere in your home, school, or workplace.Stay at home. While you’re sick or your child is sick, stay home if possible. You need the rest, and it can help prevent spreading the virus to others.Avoid contact. Though it may be tempting to show love to another person, it’s for their own health that you avoid hugging, kissing, or shaking hands while you‘re sick. If you must greet someone, try an elbow bump.Cough into your elbow. If you feel a sneeze or cough coming on, grab a tissue to cover it. If you don’t have one, sneeze or cough into your elbow, not your hands. If you accidentally use your hands, wash them immediately.Disinfect regularly. Pick up a container of disinfecting wipes and give all high touch surfaces, like doorknobs, kitchen counters, appliances, and remotes, a quick cleaning if you or someone in your home is sick.Was this helpful?When to see a doctorColds can make you feel miserable. But you’re unlikely to need to see your doctor if you have a cold. Most cold viruses will work their way through your body in 7 to 10 days. Symptoms are usually at their worst 5 days after you first notice them. As uncomfortable as it may be, using OTC medications and home remedies are typically the best way to deal with a typical, uncomplicated cold. However, there are some instances when you may need to see a doctor about your cold symptoms. Consider getting medical attention in the following situations:Severe or worsening symptoms. If your symptoms seem more severe than usual (for example, a cough or headaches that are worse than usual), it’s time to see a doctor. Symptoms that persist. If symptoms of your cold last more than 10 days, make an appointment to see your doctor. Difficulty breathing. If you find it hard to breathe or have shortness of breath, get care right away.High or persistent fever. If you have a fever higher than 103°F (39.4°C) or your child has a fever of 102°F (38.9°C) or above, see a doctor. Also, get medical care if you or your child has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher for more than 3 days.Symptoms in a child under 3 months. If your infant is showing signs of a cold, including lethargy or a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, see a doctor immediately.High risk medical conditions. If your cold persists and you fall into a high risk medical category, you should see your doctor. In the event you have something other than a cold, you could be at risk of complications. High risk medical categories include: children under age 5adults over 65pregnant peoplepeople with medical conditions like asthma, diabetes, and heart diseaseThe bottom lineThe common cold is precisely that — common. In fact, adults have an average of 2 to 3 colds every year. That means most people know what a cold is as soon as symptoms begin to develop.Colds can be quite uncomfortable. Symptoms like a runny or stuffy nose, headache, cough, and loss of smell or taste can make for a miserable few days. But after 7 to 10 days, most people will start to feel better. There are no cures or treatments that will end a cold. The cold is a virus that has to run its course until it’s gone. Treatments for a common cold include OTC medications to ease congestion or sneezing. Home remedies like salt gargles can also ease symptoms, while rest and hydration can help your body recover from a cold.Sometimes, a cold can be mistaken for other upper respiratory infections or infections like the flu. If your symptoms seem more severe or don’t ease after a week, make an appointment to see a doctor. Last medically reviewed on December 23, 2021How we reviewed this article:SourcesHistoryHealthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.Cold versus flu. (2021).https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/coldflu.htmCommon cold. (2021).https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/colds.htmlCommon cold. (2021).https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/Common colds: Protect yourself and others. (2021).https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/index.htmlFacts about the common cold. (2020).https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/influenza/facts-about-the-common-coldFlu symptoms & complications. (2021).https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htmJacobs SE, et al. (2020). Human rhinoviruses.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/CMR.00077-12Rondanelli M, et al. (2018). Self-care for common colds: The pivotal role of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and echinacea in three main immune interactive clusters (physical barriers, innate and adaptive immunity) involved during an episode of common colds — practical advice on dosages and on the time to take these nutrients/botanicals in order to prevent or treat common colds.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2018/5813095/Should you give kids medicine for coughs and colds? (2021).https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/should-you-give-kids-medicine-coughs-and-coldsTurner RB, et al. (2014). The common cold.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151789/Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.Current VersionDec 23, 2021Written ByKimberly HollandEdited ByClaire BrocatoMedically Reviewed ByChris Young, DNP, RN, NE-BC, NPDCopy Edited ByAlyssa SchadMay 30, 2018Written ByKimberly HollandEdited ByElizabeth DonovanVIEW ALL HISTORY Share this articleMedically reviewed by Chris Young, DNP, RN, NE-BC, NPD — By Kimberly Holland — Updated on December 23, 2021Read this nextYes, You Can Have Two Colds at the Same TimeIt’s cold and flu season. Here’s a rundown on cold viruses, how you can have two at once, and what you can do to cut down your risk of catching one.READ MOREHow to Identify, Treat, and Prevent a Head ColdMedically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPHDo you have a head cold? Learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and prevention.READ MOREWill This Cold Go Away on Its Own?Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D.A typical cold will last only about 10 days. How do you know when to wait it out, and when to seek medical care, or try other treatments?READ MOREInfographic: When to See a Doctor for the FluMedically reviewed by Daniel Murrell, M.D.If you start to experience flu symptoms, you might decide to simply stay home, get extra rest, and drink more fluids. But in certain cases, it's a…READ MORE12 Tips for a Speedy Flu RecoveryMedically reviewed by Daniel Murrell, M.D.Coming down with the flu can be downright miserable. Try these 12 tips to recover quickly. Stay hydrated, rest up, and stay home from work or school.READ MOREAbout UsContact UsPrivacy PolicyPrivacy SettingsAdvertising PolicyHealth TopicsMedical AffairsContent IntegrityNewsletters© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. See additional information.© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. See additional information.AboutCareersAdvertise with usOUR BRANDSHealthlineMedical News TodayGreatistPsych CentralBezzy

Common Cold: Symptoms, Cold vs. Flu, Treatment

on Cold: Symptoms, Cold vs. Flu, Treatment800.223.2273100 Years of Cleveland ClinicMyChartNeed Help?GivingCareersSearchClevelandClinic.orgFind A DoctorLocations & DirectionsPatients & VisitorsHealth LibraryInstitutes & DepartmentsAppointmentsHome/Health Library/Diseases & Conditions/Common ColdAdvertisementAdvertisementAdvertisementCommon ColdThe common cold is an infection of your nose, sinuses, throat and windpipe. Colds spread easily, especially within homes, classrooms and workplaces. More than 200 different viruses can cause colds. There’s no cure for a common cold, but it usually goes away within a week to 10 days. If you don’t feel better in 10 days, see a healthcare provider.ContentsArrow DownOverviewSymptoms and CausesDiagnosis and TestsManagement and TreatmentPreventionOutlook / PrognosisLiving WithAdditional Common QuestionsContentsArrow DownOverviewSymptoms and CausesDiagnosis and TestsManagement and TreatmentPreventionOutlook / PrognosisLiving WithAdditional Common QuestionsOverviewWhat is the common cold?A cold is a contagious upper respiratory infection that affects your nose, throat, sinuses and windpipe (trachea). You may have heard that the common cold is a coronavirus. In fact, more than 200 different types of viruses can cause a cold. The most common cold virus is the rhinovirus.We call colds “common” because as their name implies, they’re widespread. You’ll probably have more colds in your lifetime than any other illness. Adults catch two to three colds a year, while young children come down with a cold four or more times a year.AdvertisementCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. PolicySymptoms and CausesEarly symptoms of the common cold include sore throat, runny nose and coughing.What are the symptoms of the common cold?Common cold symptoms typically appear in stages. The common cold stages include early, active and late.Stage 1: Early (Days 1 to 3)Within one to three days of picking up a cold virus, you may notice a tickle in your throat. About half of all people with colds report a tickly or sore throat as their first symptom. Other common cold symptoms you may experience during this early stage include:Sneezing.Runny nose.Stuffy nose (nasal congestion).Cough.Hoarseness.Stage 2: Active (Days 4 to 7)Symptoms typically worsen or peak during this stage. In addition to the symptoms in stage 1, you may experience:Body aches.Headache.Runny eyes and nose.Fatigue.Fever (more common in children).Stage 3: Late (Days 8 to 10)Colds usually begin to wind down during this stage. You may be free and clear at this point. But some symptoms can persist. Some people develop a nagging cough that can last up to two months after a respiratory infection.If your symptoms get worse and/or your fever returns, make a trip to a healthcare provider. You may have developed another infection or a complication, such as bronchitis, sinusitis or pneumonia.What are the symptoms of the common cold in babies?Symptoms of colds in babies may include:Runny nose (the discharge may start clear; later, it becomes thicker and may be gray, yellow or green).Sneezing.Fever of 101 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 to 38.9 degrees Celsius).Loss of appetite.Increased drooling because of sore throat and difficulty swallowing.Cough.Irritability.Slightly swollen glands.How do cold symptoms differ from more severe infections in babies and children?If your child has any of the following symptoms, call their healthcare provider. These symptoms could mean that your child has something more serious than a cold:Fever in an infant 2 months or younger.Difficulty breathing (especially if your baby’s or child’s nostrils widen with each breath).Fast or labored breathing.Wheezing.Ribs showing with each breath.Blue lips.Not eating or drinking, which could mean dehydration.Ear pain.Excessive crankiness or sleepiness.A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks.Your baby seems to be getting sicker.AdvertisementWhat causes the common cold?Rhinoviruses cause up to 50% of common colds. There are more than 100 different rhinoviruses. But other types of viruses, such as coronaviruses, can also cause colds. More than 200 different viruses can cause a cold.Is the common cold contagious?Yes. Colds spread easily from person to person. For you to become infected, the virus has to get to one of your mucous membranes — the moist lining of your nostrils, eyes or mouth. That happens when you touch a surface or breathe moist air that contains the cold virus.For example, when a person who’s sick sneezes or coughs, they launch droplets of fluid containing the cold virus into the air. If you breathe in those droplets, the cold virus takes root in your nose. You can also leave virus particles on surfaces you touch when you’re sick. If someone else touches those surfaces and then touches their nostrils, eyes or mouth, the virus can get in.How long is the common cold contagious?You can be contagious for up to two weeks, even spreading a cold a day or two before you have symptoms. But you’re most contagious when your symptoms are at their worst — usually the first three days you feel sick.What is the common cold incubation period?The incubation period is the time between when you’re infected and when your symptoms first appear. The common cold incubation period is between 12 hours and three days after exposure to the virus.AdvertisementWhy do children and babies get more colds?The common cold in children and babies occurs more often because they haven’t been exposed to as many viruses as adults. Their immune systems have to learn how to recognize and fight new germs.Before turning 2 years old, a baby can get as many as eight to 10 colds a year. By the time you become an adult, you’ve had many colds. It’s easier for your immune system to identify and attack similar viruses.In addition, children are in close contact with other children. Kids typically don’t cover their coughs and sneezes or wash their hands before touching their faces — steps that prevent the virus from spreading.Cold viruses can live on objects for several hours. Babies often pick up objects that other babies have touched. If a baby touches something that has cold germs on it, then touches their mouth, eyes or nose, the germs can infect them.Diagnosis and TestsHow is the common cold diagnosed?A healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. During the exam, the provider will check for signs, such as:Swelling in your nostrils.A stuffy nose.A red, irritated throat.Swollen lymph nodes in your neck.Clear lungs.What tests will be done to diagnose the common cold?Typically, a physical exam is enough to determine if you have a cold. You may need tests if the provider suspects you have COVID-19, the flu or another condition. The provider may give you a nasal swab test (cotton swab rubbed inside your nose) to check for these viruses. Chest X-rays can rule out other conditions, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.Management and TreatmentHow is the common cold treated?There’s no cure for a cold. You have to let it run its course. Most colds go away on their own within seven to 10 days and don’t turn into anything more serious. Common cold treatment includes over-the-counter (OTC) medications to help reduce your symptoms and keep you comfortable until you recover.Why can’t antibiotics cure a cold?Antibiotics are medications that fight infections caused by bacteria. Because viruses cause colds, antibiotics don’t work for colds. Sometimes, children may develop complications from bacteria, such as an ear infection or pneumonia. Healthcare providers may prescribe antibiotics to treat these illnesses.What cold medicines relieve symptoms?There are many OTC common cold medication options available to treat your symptoms. But some of these medications aren’t safe for children. Check with a healthcare provider before giving your child OTC medications. Be careful not to combine medicines that treat multiple symptoms. You could get too much of some ingredients, which could cause other health problems, including organ damage.Medications that may relieve cold symptoms include:Pain relievers: Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) and NSAIDs such as ibuprofen (Advil®) may relieve headaches and fever.Decongestants: You can use medications like pseudoephedrine (Contac Cold 12 Hour® and Sudafed®).Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) and other antihistamines may stop sneezing and a runny nose.Cough suppressants: Medications such as dextromethorphan (Robitussin® and Vicks DayQuil Cough®) and codeine can help reduce coughing. Providers don’t routinely recommend these for children under 5 years of age.Expectorants: Guaifenesin (Mucinex®) and other expectorants may help thin and loosen mucus.How are common colds in babies treated?Unless prescribed by their provider, don’t give your baby any over-the-counter cough or cold medicines. To treat common cold in babies:Keep your baby comfortable.Give your baby fluids. For babies 6 months or younger, let them drink breast milk (chest milk) or formula. At 6 months, your baby can also have some water.Let your baby get plenty of rest.Since most children can’t blow their nose until about age 4, the following methods may help ease your baby’s stuffy nose:Saline and suction: About 15 minutes before a feeding, use over-the-counter saline (salt water) drops to loosen up the mucus in your baby’s nostrils. Suction out the liquid and mucus a few minutes later with a rubber bulb or oral suction device. This will clear the mucus out of your baby’s nose and allow them to breathe and suck at the same time.Petroleum jelly: Dab petroleum jelly on the outside of your baby’s nostrils to reduce irritation. Don’t block the inside of your baby’s nostrils. (Unless their provider recommends it, don’t use nasal sprays on your baby. They may work for a bit but will make their congestion worse with continued use.)Humidifier or vaporizer: Moisten the air in your baby’s room with a humidifier or vaporizer. The clean, cool mist will help moisten the air and decrease the drying of your baby’s nasal passages and throat. Clean and dry the humidifier thoroughly before using it to get rid of bacteria or mold that may have collected in the device. Ensure you have the appropriate filter, and check if it needs to be replaced. Don’t use hot water vaporizers because of the risk of burns.Steam: If you don’t have a humidifier, take your baby into a steamy room such as a bathroom. Turn on the hot water, close the door and sit together in the steamy room for about 15 minutes. Don’t leave your baby alone in the room. Be safe around water. Giving your baby a warm bath may also work.Babies can continue their normal activities if they seem well enough to do so. If they have a fever or complications, it’s best to keep them at home.Care at Cleveland ClinicFind a Primary Care ProviderSchedule an AppointmentPreventionCan the common cold be prevented?There are several steps you can take to prevent a cold, including:Washing your hands: Wash your hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food. Also, wash your hands after using the bathroom, wiping your nose or coming into contact with someone who has a cold.Avoiding touching your face: Cold viruses spread from your hands to your eyes, nose and mouth.Cleaning frequently used surfaces: Viruses can live on doorknobs and other places people often touch.Using hand sanitizers: When you can’t wash your hands with soap and water, use alcohol-based hand sanitizer.Strengthening your immune system: Get enough sleep, eat a healthy diet and exercise so your body is ready to fight off germs.Staying home: To make sure you don’t spread the cold to others, stay home when you’re sick.How can colds in babies be prevented?The best way to prevent your baby from catching a cold is to keep them away from people who have colds. If possible, keep your baby home. A virus that causes a mild illness in an older child or an adult can cause a more serious one in an infant.Hand washing is the most important way to reduce the spread of colds:Adults who have contact with babies and young children should wash their hands after coughing, sneezing or wiping their nose.Wash your hands after touching someone who has a cold.After wiping your baby’s nose, wash your hands and your baby’s hands.Clean toys regularly and avoid sharing toys that babies place in their mouths.If soap and water aren’t available, use pre-moistened hand wipes or hand sanitizers. (Be sure to keep hand sanitizers away from children. They may be harmful if swallowed.)Keep your baby up-to-date on all of the recommended immunizations. They won’t stop colds, but they can help prevent some complications, such as bacterial infections of their ears or lungs.Pediatricians recommend the flu (influenza) vaccine each year for babies who are at least 6 months old. The shot protects against the flu but not against other respiratory viruses. The COVID-19 immunization is available as well for infants starting at 6 months of age.Outlook / PrognosisHow long does a common cold last?Most colds go away on their own within seven to 10 days. Most people recover quickly and the common cold doesn’t lead to anything more serious.Can a cold kill you?The common cold isn’t fatal. In some people — especially those with weakened immune systems — a cold could lead to other conditions that could cause severe health problems. Those complications include:Asthma.Sinus infections.Ear infections.Living WithWhat are the best common cold remedies?You may have heard that supplements and herbal remedies, such as zinc, vitamin C and echinacea can treat and prevent colds.Researchers haven’t found that any of those remedies can prevent colds. But zinc may shorten the illness and reduce symptoms. However, it may cause permanent loss of smell, especially when you use it in nasal sprays.The best common cold self-care remedy is to get plenty of rest. Consider taking time off from work or school for at least the first few days of illness. Not only will you have more time to rest, but you’ll avoid spreading germs to others.Also, make sure you’re drinking plenty of fluids to keep your nose and throat moist. Avoid alcohol and caffeine because they have a drying effect.When should I see a healthcare provider for the common cold?Contact a healthcare provider if you have any of the following symptoms:High fever.Chest pain.Ear pain.Asthma flare-up or difficulty breathing.Symptoms lasting more than 10 days or getting worse.When should my baby see their provider for the common cold?Call your baby’s healthcare provider or go to the nearest emergency room if your baby:Develops a high fever.Stops eating.Is vomiting.Has ear or stomach pain.Cries more than usual.Is sleepier than usual.Starts wheezing.Has trouble breathing.Additional Common QuestionsDoes having a cold affect pregnancy?Having a cold during pregnancy isn’t usually dangerous. But you do need to be careful with what cold medications you take to treat symptoms. Your healthcare provider can let you know which ones are safe to use during pregnancy.If you think you may have the flu or you develop a fever, you should contact your provider right away. You may need immediate treatment.Why do colds occur in the winter?You can catch a cold any time of year, but it’s more likely during colder months. In winter, people stay indoors and are in closer contact with each other.A recent study in mice suggests cold temperatures may also affect your immune system’s response. Researchers found that when cooler air lowered nose temperature, mouse immune systems had a harder time stopping the rhinovirus from multiplying. The same may be true in humans.Common cold vs. Covid — what’s the difference?Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause upper respiratory infections. While rhinoviruses cause most types of common cold, coronaviruses do cause some. Most people recover quickly from these common colds.Coronaviruses may also travel into your lungs and lead to pneumonia and other complications that can be fatal. The novel (new) coronavirus discovered in 2019 causes a specific disease known as COVID-19. Early symptoms that make COVID-19 different from the common cold include:Fever.Chills and shaking.Shortness of breath (dyspnea).Loss of taste or smell (anosmia).Diarrhea.However, the omicron variant of COVID-19 causes slightly milder symptoms, making it easier to confuse with a cold. Omicron symptoms similar to the common cold include:Runny nose.Cough.Sore throat.Headache.Nasal congestion.Common cold vs. flu — what’s the difference?It can be hard to tell whether you have a cold or the flu since many of the symptoms are the same. Both are widespread during the colder months and affect your upper respiratory system. But different viruses cause cold and flu. The flu comes from the influenza virus, while many other types of viruses cause colds.The main difference between cold and flu is that you’re more likely to have a fever and chills with flu. Adults don’t usually get a fever with a common cold, although kids sometimes do.The flu also causes body aches and more severe symptoms than a cold. Although both the cold and flu can lead to complications, flu complications can be life-threatening.Common cold vs. chest cold — what’s the difference?A chest cold, or short-term (acute) bronchitis, causes irritation and a buildup of mucus in your lungs. Common colds turn into chest colds when the virus travels from your nose and throat to your lungs. Occasionally, bacteria cause chest colds.You can have a cough with a common cold or a chest cold. But chest colds produce a wet cough, meaning you may feel or cough up phlegm. You may also have:A cough that keeps you up all night.Shortness of breath.A sore chest.A note from Cleveland ClinicAlthough it may cause discomfort, the common cold is usually harmless. You can manage the symptoms of a cold with medications. Speed up your recovery by getting plenty of rest and fluids, and avoid being around others. If you don’t feel better in 10 days, see a healthcare provider.Medically ReviewedLast reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 02/07/2023.Learn more about our editorial process.ReferencesAdvertisementCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. 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Common cold - Wikipedia

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6.1Symptomatic

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Common cold

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Common viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

Not to be confused with influenza.

Medical conditionCommon coldOther namesCold, acute viral nasopharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, viral rhinitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, head cold,[1] upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)[2]A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human rhinovirusSpecialtyInfectious diseaseSymptomsCough, sore throat, runny nose, fever[3][4]ComplicationsUsually none, but occasionally otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and sepsis can occur[5]Usual onset~2 days from exposure[6]Duration1–3 weeks[3][7]CausesViral (usually rhinovirus)[8]Diagnostic methodBased on symptomsDifferential diagnosisAllergic rhinitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis,[9] pertussis, sinusitis[5]PreventionHand washing, cough etiquette, social distancing, vitamin C[3][10]TreatmentSymptomatic therapy,[3] zinc[11]MedicationNSAIDs[12]Frequency2–3 per year (adults) 6–8 per year (children)[13]

The common cold or the cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa of the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx.[6][8] Signs and symptoms may appear fewer than two days after exposure to the virus.[6] These may include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, headache, and fever.[3][4] People usually recover in seven to ten days,[3] but some symptoms may last up to three weeks.[7] Occasionally, those with other health problems may develop pneumonia.[3]

Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses and enteroviruses being the most common.[14] They spread through the air during close contact with infected people or indirectly through contact with objects in the environment, followed by transfer to the mouth or nose.[3] Risk factors include going to child care facilities, not sleeping well, and psychological stress.[6] The symptoms are mostly due to the body's immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves.[15] The symptoms of influenza are similar to those of a cold, although usually more severe and less likely to include a runny nose.[6][16]

There is no vaccine for the common cold.[3] The primary methods of prevention are hand washing; not touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands; and staying away from sick people.[3] Some evidence supports the use of face masks.[10] There is also no cure, but the symptoms can be treated.[3] Zinc may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms if started shortly after the onset of symptoms.[11] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen may help with pain.[12] Antibiotics, however, should not be used, as all colds are caused by viruses,[17] and there is no good evidence that cough medicines are effective.[6][18]

The common cold is the most frequent infectious disease in humans.[19] Under normal circumstances, the average adult gets two to three colds a year, while the average child may get six to eight.[8][13] Infections occur more commonly during the winter.[3] These infections have existed throughout human history.[20]

Signs and symptoms

Woman with symptoms of the common cold

The typical symptoms of a cold include cough, runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and a sore throat, sometimes accompanied by muscle ache, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite.[21] A sore throat is present in about 40% of cases, a cough in about 50%,[8] and muscle ache likewise in about 50%.[4] In adults, a fever is generally not present but it is common in infants and young children.[4] The cough is usually mild compared to that accompanying influenza.[4] While a cough and a fever indicate a higher likelihood of influenza in adults, a great deal of similarity exists between these two conditions.[22] A number of the viruses that cause the common cold may also result in asymptomatic infections.[23][24]

The color of the mucus or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.[25]

Progression

Cold symptoms over time

A cold usually begins with fatigue, a feeling of being chilled, sneezing, and a headache, followed in a couple of days by a runny nose and cough.[21] Symptoms may begin within sixteen hours of exposure[26] and typically peak two to four days after onset.[4][27] They usually resolve in seven to ten days, but some can last for up to three weeks.[7] The average duration of cough is eighteen days[28] and in some cases people develop a post-viral cough which can linger after the infection is gone.[29] In children, the cough lasts for more than ten days in 35–40% of cases and continues for more than 25 days in 10%.[30]

Causes

Viruses

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses known for causing the common cold. They have a halo or crown-like (corona) appearance when viewed under an electron microscope.

The common cold is an infection of the upper respiratory tract which can be caused by many different viruses. The most commonly implicated is a rhinovirus (30–80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes.[31] Other commonly implicated viruses include adenoviruses, enteroviruses, parainfluenza and RSV.[32] Frequently more than one virus is present.[33] In total, more than 200 viral types are associated with colds.[4] The viral cause of some common colds (20–30%) is unknown.[32]

Transmission

The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects).[8][34] Which of these routes is of primary importance has not been determined.[35] The viruses may survive for prolonged periods in the environment (over 18 hours for rhinoviruses) and can be picked up by people's hands and subsequently carried to their eyes or nose where infection occurs.[34] Transmission from animals is considered highly unlikely; an outbreak documented at a British scientific base on Adelaide Island after seventeen weeks of isolation was thought to have been caused by transmission from a contaminated object or an asymptomatic human carrier, rather than from the husky dogs which were also present at the base.[36]

Transmission is common in daycare and at school due to the proximity of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene.[37] These infections are then brought home to other members of the family.[37] There is no evidence that recirculated air during commercial flight is a method of transmission.[34] People sitting close to each other appear to be at greater risk of infection.[35]

Rhinovirus-caused colds are most infectious during the first three days of symptoms; they are much less infectious afterwards.[38]

Other

Herd immunity, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory infections.[39] Poor immune function is a risk factor for disease.[39][40] Insufficient sleep and malnutrition have been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure; this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.[41][42] Breast feeding decreases the risk of acute otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections among other diseases,[43] and it is recommended that breast feeding be continued when an infant has a cold.[44] In the developed world breast feeding may not be protective against the common cold in and of itself.[45]

Pathophysiology

The common cold is a disease of the upper respiratory tract.

The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response to the virus.[15] The mechanism of this immune response is virus-specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to humans via ICAM-1 receptors and the CDHR3 receptor through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators.[15] These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms.[15] It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium.[4] The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), on the other hand, is contracted by direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract.[46] RSV does cause epithelium damage.[46] Human parainfluenza virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchi.[47] In young children, when it affects the trachea, it may produce the symptoms of croup, due to the small size of their airways.[47]

Diagnosis

The distinction between viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of symptoms, with the common cold affecting primarily the nose (rhinitis), throat (pharyngitis), and lungs (bronchitis).[8] There can be significant overlap, and more than one area can be affected.[8] Self-diagnosis is frequent.[4] Isolation of the viral agent involved is rarely performed,[48] and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms.[4]

Prevention

The only useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures[10] such as using correct hand washing technique and face masks; in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also used.[10] Isolation or quarantine is not used as the disease is so widespread and symptoms are non-specific. There is no vaccine to protect against the common cold.[49] Vaccination has proven difficult as there are many viruses involved and they mutate rapidly.[10][50] Creation of a broadly effective vaccine is, therefore, highly improbable.[51]

Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses, especially among children.[52] Whether the addition of antivirals or antibacterials to normal hand washing provides greater benefit is unknown.[52] Wearing face masks when around people who are infected may be beneficial; however, there is insufficient evidence for maintaining a greater social distance.[52]

It is unclear whether zinc supplements affect the likelihood of contracting a cold.[53] Routine vitamin C supplements do not reduce the risk or severity of the common cold, though they may reduce its duration.[54]

Management

Poster from 1937 encouraging citizens to "consult your physician" for treatment of the common cold

Treatments of the common cold primarily involve medications and other therapies for symptomatic relief.[13] Getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, and gargling with warm salt water are reasonable conservative measures.[55] Much of the benefit from symptomatic treatment is, however, attributed to the placebo effect.[56] As of 2010,[update] no medications or herbal remedies had been conclusively demonstrated to shorten the duration of infection.[57]

Symptomatic

Various treatments for the common cold - liquid and pill cold medicine, tea, throat lozenges, and over-the-counter decongestants.

Treatments that may help with symptoms include simple pain medication and medications for fevers such as ibuprofen[12] and acetaminophen (paracetamol).[58] However, it is not clear whether acetaminophen helps with symptoms.[59] It is not known if over-the-counter cough medications are effective for treating an acute cough.[60] Cough medicines are not recommended for use in children due to a lack of evidence supporting effectiveness and the potential for harm.[61][62] In 2009, Canada restricted the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medication in children six years and under due to concerns regarding risks and unproven benefits.[61] The misuse of dextromethorphan (an over-the-counter cough medicine) has led to its ban in a number of countries.[63] Intranasal corticosteroids have not been found to be useful.[64]

In adults, short term use of nasal decongestants may have a small benefit.[65] Antihistamines may improve symptoms in the first day or two; however, there is no longer-term benefit and they have adverse effects such as drowsiness.[66] Other decongestants such as pseudoephedrine appear effective in adults.[67][65] Combined oral analgesics, antihistaminics and decongestants are generally effective for older children and adults.[68] Ipratropium nasal spray may reduce the symptoms of a runny nose but has little effect on stuffiness.[69] Ipratropium may also help with cough in adults.[70] The safety and effectiveness of nasal decongestant use in children is unclear.[65]

Due to lack of studies, it is not known whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illness.[71] As of 2017, heated and humidified air, such as via RhinoTherm, is of unclear benefit.[72] One study has found chest vapor rub to provide some relief of nocturnal cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty.[73]

Some advise to avoid physical exercise if there are symptoms such as fever, widespread muscle aches or fatigue.[74][75] It is regarded as safe to perform moderate exercise if the symptoms are confined to the head, including runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, or a minor sore throat.[74][75] There is a popular belief that having a hot drink can help with cold symptoms, but evidence to support this is very limited.[76]

Antibiotics and antivirals

Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections, including the common cold.[77] Due to their side effects, antibiotics cause overall harm but are still frequently prescribed.[77][78] Some of the reasons that antibiotics are so commonly prescribed include people's expectations for them, physicians' desire to help, and the difficulty in excluding complications that may be amenable to antibiotics.[79] There are no effective antiviral drugs for the common cold even though some preliminary research has shown benefits.[13][80]

Zinc

Main article: Zinc and the common cold

Zinc supplements may shorten the duration of colds by up to 33% and reduce the severity of symptoms if supplementation begins within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms.[11][53][81][82][83] Some zinc remedies directly applied to the inside of the nose have led to the loss of the sense of smell.[11][84] A 2017 review did not recommend the use of zinc for the common cold for various reasons;[18] whereas a 2017 and 2018 review both recommended the use of zinc, but also advocated further research on the topic.[81][82]

Alternative medicine

Main article: Alternative treatments used for the common cold

While there are many alternative medicines and Chinese herbal medicines supposed to treat the common cold, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support their use.[13][85] As of 2015, there is weak evidence to support nasal irrigation with saline.[86] There is no firm evidence that Echinacea products or garlic provide any meaningful benefit in treating or preventing colds.[87][88]

Vitamins C and D

Main article: Vitamin C and the common cold

Main article: Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections

Vitamin C supplementation does not affect the incidence of the common cold, but may reduce its duration.[54] There is no conclusive evidence that vitamin D supplementation is efficacious in the prevention or treatment of respiratory tract infections.[89]

Prognosis

The common cold is generally mild and self-limiting with most symptoms generally improving in a week.[8] In children, half of cases go away in 10 days and 90% in 15 days.[90] Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are immunosuppressed.[19] Secondary bacterial infections may occur resulting in sinusitis, pharyngitis, or an ear infection.[91] It is estimated that sinusitis occurs in 8% and ear infection in 30% of cases.[92]

Epidemiology

The common cold is the most common human disease[19] and affects people all over the globe.[37] Adults typically have two to three infections annually,[8] and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children).[13] Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to declining immunity.[39]

Weather

A common misconception is that one can "catch a cold" merely through prolonged exposure to cold weather.[93] Although it is now known that colds are viral infections, the prevalence of many such viruses are indeed seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold weather.[94] The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined.[95] Possible explanations may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system,[96] decreased immune response,[97] and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer.[98]

The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors, near infected people,[96] and specifically children at school.[37][95] Although normal exposure to cold does not increase one's risk of infection, severe exposure leading to significant reduction of body temperature (hypothermia) may put one at a greater risk for the common cold; although controversial, the majority of evidence suggests that it may increase susceptibility to infection.[97]

History

A British poster from World War II describing the cost of the common cold[99]

While the cause of the common cold was identified in the 1950s, the disease appears to have been with humanity since its early history.[20] Its symptoms and treatment are described in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus, the oldest existing medical text, written before the 16th century BCE.[100] The name "cold" came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.[101]

In the United Kingdom, the Common Cold Unit (CCU) was set up by the Medical Research Council in 1946 and it was where the rhinovirus was discovered in 1956.[102] In the 1970s, the CCU demonstrated that treatment with interferon during the incubation phase of rhinovirus infection protects somewhat against the disease,[103] but no practical treatment could be developed. The unit was closed in 1989, two years after it completed research of zinc gluconate lozenges in the prevention and treatment of rhinovirus colds, the only successful treatment in the history of the unit.[104]

Research directions

Antivirals have been tested for effectiveness in the common cold; as of 2009, none had been both found effective and licensed for use.[80] There are trials of the anti-viral drug pleconaril which shows promise against picornaviruses as well as trials of BTA-798.[105] The oral form of pleconaril had safety issues and an aerosol form is being studied.[105] The genomes of all known human rhinovirus strains have been sequenced.[106]

Societal impact

The economic impact of the common cold is not well understood in much of the world.[92] In the United States, the common cold leads to 75–100 million physician visits annually at a conservative cost estimate of $7.7 billion per year. Americans spend $2.9 billion on over-the-counter drugs and another $400 million on prescription medicines for symptom relief.[107] More than one-third of people who saw a doctor received an antibiotic prescription, which has implications for antibiotic resistance.[107] An estimated 22–189 million school days are missed annually due to a cold. As a result, parents missed 126 million workdays to stay home to care for their children. When added to the 150 million workdays missed by employees who have a cold, the total economic impact of cold-related work loss exceeds $20 billion per year.[55][107] This accounts for 40% of time lost from work in the United States.[108]

References

Notes

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^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.

^ a b c d e f g h i j Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637. PMID 16253889.

^ a b Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (2014). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 750. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.

^ a b c d e f Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694.

^ a b c Heikkinen T, Järvinen A (January 2003). "The common cold". Lancet. 361 (9351): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9. PMC 7112468. PMID 12517470.

^ a b c d e f g h i Arroll B (March 2011). "Common cold". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa

^ "Bronchiolitis: Symptoms and Causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.

^ a b c d e Eccles p. 209

^ a b c d "Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that "zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms" [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19].

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^ a b c Eccles p. 1

^ a b Eccles R, Weber O (2009). Common cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-7643-9894-1. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.

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^ Eccles p. 107

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^ a b Eccles pp. 211, 215

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^ a b Kenealy T, Arroll B (June 2013). "Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (6): CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3. PMC 7044720. PMID 23733381.

^ Eccles p. 238

^ Eccles p. 234

^ a b Eccles p. 218

^ a b Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Lamburghini S, Avanzato I, Riva A, Allegrini P, et al. (2018). "Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds-Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018: 5813095. doi:10.1155/2018/5813095. PMC 5949172. PMID 29853961. Considering zinc, the supplementation may shorten the duration of colds by approximately 33%. CC patients may be instructed to try zinc within 24 hours of onset of symptoms.

^ a b Hemilä H, Fitzgerald JT, Petrus EJ, Prasad A (2017). "Zinc Acetate Lozenges May Improve the Recovery Rate of Common Cold Patients: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 4 (2): ofx059. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx059. PMC 5410113. PMID 28480298. The 3-fold increase in the rate of recovery from the common cold is a clinically important effect. The optimal formulation of zinc lozenges and an ideal frequency of their administration should be examined. Given the evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be instructed to try zinc acetate lozenges within 24 hours of onset of symptoms.

^ Hemilä H, Petrus EJ, Fitzgerald JT, Prasad A (November 2016). "Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 82 (5): 1393–1398. doi:10.1111/bcp.13057. PMC 5061795. PMID 27378206.

^ "Loss of Sense of Smell with Intranasal Cold Remedies Containing Zinc". Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015.

^ Wu T, Zhang J, Qiu Y, Xie L, Liu GJ (January 2007). "Chinese medicinal herbs for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004782.pub2. PMID 17253524.

^ King D, Mitchell B, Williams CP, Spurling GK (April 2015). "Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4): CD006821. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub3. PMC 9475221. PMID 25892369. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2018.

^ Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K (February 2014). "Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review). 2 (2): CD000530. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3. PMC 4068831. PMID 24554461.

^ Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M (November 2014). Lissiman E (ed.). "Garlic for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD006206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4. PMC 6465033. PMID 25386977.

^ Bradley R, Schloss J, Brown D, Celis D, Finnell J, Hedo R, et al. (December 2020). "The effects of vitamin D on acute viral respiratory infections: A rapid review". Advances in Integrative Medicine. 7 (4): 192–202. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.011. PMC 7397989. PMID 32837896.

^ Thompson M, Vodicka TA, Blair PS, Buckley DI, Heneghan C, Hay AD (December 2013). "Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review". BMJ. 347: f7027. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7027. PMC 3898587. PMID 24335668.

^ Eccles p. 76

^ a b Eccles p. 90

^ Zuger A (4 March 2003). "'You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017.

^ Eccles p. 79

^ a b "Common cold – Background information". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2013.

^ a b Eccles p. 80

^ a b Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME (September 2007). "Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 11 (9): 938–43. PMID 17705968.

^ Eccles p. 157

^ "The Cost of the Common Cold and Influenza". Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict. vads. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.

^ Eccles p. 6

^ "Cold". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2008.

^ Eccles p. 20

^ Tyrrell DA (1987). "Interferons and their clinical value". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1093/clinids/9.2.243. PMID 2438740.

^ Al-Nakib W, Higgins PG, Barrow I, Batstone G, Tyrrell DA (December 1987). "Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 20 (6): 893–901. doi:10.1093/jac/20.6.893. PMC 7110079. PMID 3440773.

^ a b Eccles p. 226

^ Willingham V (12 February 2009). "Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.

^ a b c Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M (February 2003). "The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States". Archives of Internal Medicine. 163 (4): 487–94. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.4.487. PMID 12588210. S2CID 10169748.

^ Kirkpatrick GL (December 1996). "The common cold". Primary Care. 23 (4): 657–75. doi:10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9. PMC 7125839. PMID 8890137.

Bibliography

Eccles R, Weber O, eds. (2009). Common Cold (Illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-7643-9912-2.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common cold.

Common cold at Curlie

ClassificationDICD-10: J00ICD-9-CM: 460MeSH: D003139DiseasesDB: 31088SNOMED CT: 82272006External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000678Patient UK: Common cold

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Encephalitis lethargica

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Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2

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tonsil

Tonsillitis

Adenoid hypertrophy

Peritonsillar abscess

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Pharyngitis

Strep throat

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Retropharyngeal abscess

larynx

Croup

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Vocal cord dysfunction

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unspecified

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Farmer's lung

Lycoperdonosis

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Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

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Portals: Medicine Viruses

Authority control databases: National

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Common Cold: Symptoms, Treatment, and Recovery

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Cold & Flu

Common Cold

Cold Guide

Cold Guide

Overview

Duration

Contagiousness

Self-Care

Treatment

What Is a Cold?

By

Kathi Valeii

Published on March 21, 2023

Medically reviewed by

Corinne Savides Happel, MD

Print

Table of Contents

View All

Table of Contents

Symptoms of a Cold

Cold, Flu, or COVID-19?

How Long Does It Last?

Treatment

Is a Cold Contagious?

When to Seek Medical Care

Complications

Prevention

Next in Cold Guide

How Long Do Colds Last?

The common cold is a respiratory viral infection. It is one of the most common illnesses, with adults contracting around two to three colds yearly—kids contract even more.

A cold is generally a mild infection that resolves in a few weeks with rest and plenty of fluids. However, a cold can become more serious, developing into pneumonia or bronchitis. This is more common in people with underlying health conditions, like asthma.

This article explains a common cold's symptoms, treatment, and possible complications.

eclipse_images / Getty Images

Symptoms of a Cold

As a respiratory virus, colds have symptoms that affect your nasal passages, lungs, and throat. Common cold symptoms include:

Sneezing

Stuffy nose

Runny nose (mucus starts clear, then turns white, yellow, or green)

Sore throat

Coughing

Postnasal drip

Watery eyes

Most people do not experience a fever with a cold, although it is possible to have one. More than 200 viruses cause a cold, but rhinovirus is the most common culprit.

Cold vs. Allergies: Which Do I Have?

Cold vs. Flu vs. COVID-19

Flu (caused by the influenza virus) and COVID-19 share some symptoms with common colds that are caused by other viruses, making it difficult to diagnose the illness. However, some signs can distinguish one from another.

Headaches, body aches, fatigue, breathing difficulties, vomiting, or diarrhea indicate that you may be experiencing the flu or COVID-19 instead of a cold. In addition, if you also have a loss of taste or smell, you may have a COVID-19 infection.

Do I Have a Cold or COVID?

How Long Does a Cold Last?

Colds generally last for one to two weeks. Symptoms usually worsen on the second and third day, then gradually improve.

How long your cold lasts depends on your overall health and if you have underlying health conditions or a weakened immune system. These factors could make the illness last longer or put you at a higher risk for complications.

How to Get Over a Cold Quickly

While colds can last up to two weeks, there are some things you can do to get rid of it or help yourself feel better. Unfortunately, antibiotics, which fight bacterial infections, don't help a cold because viruses cause colds. In addition, there is no cure; your cold must run its course.

The primary treatment for colds is to get lots of rest and drink plenty of fluids. Some other things may help you feel more comfortable, including:

Using a humidifier helps keep the air moist, which can help with congestion and drainage. Sitting in a steamy shower can also do the trick.

Gargling warm salt water soothes sore throats. You may also find relief from cough drops, Popsicles, warm soups, and other soft foods.

Saline nasal sprays work to loosen nasal mucus. However, some people prefer to use a neti pot to irrigate the nasal passages.

OTC pain relievers, like Advil (ibuprofen), Aleve (naproxen), or Tylenol (acetaminophen), and cold medications can reduce symptoms, but read labels carefully. Some cold medicines contain pain relievers, so do not exceed recommended dosages.

The 8 Best Neti Pots to Clear Your Sinuses, According to Experts

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Cold Medicine and Kids

Be especially careful with OTC children's cold medicines. Experts do not recommend them for kids under age 2 because they can cause serious, life-threatening side effects. Avoid these medicines until kids are older than 4.

Instead, keep kids hydrated and use humidifiers and saline nose drops. You can use acetaminophen and ibuprofen for aches and fevers with guidance on dosage from a healthcare provider.

11 Popular Natural Remedies for the Common Cold

How Long Is a Cold Contagious?

Colds are very contagious. They are transmitted through the air and close, personal contact. Colds are most contagious during the first few days of symptoms.

The best way to avoid spreading your cold to others is to avoid spending time near people when you are sick, especially people with compromised immune systems and lung diseases like asthma. Cover your nose and mouth with your elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze, and wash your hands frequently.

Do You Need to See a Healthcare Provider for a Cold?

Colds are often mild, and most people do not require medical attention for a cold; they usually resolve quickly and without complications. However, sometimes colds can develop into something more serious.

If you or your child experiences the following, you should see a healthcare provider:

Trouble breathing or rapid breathing

Symptoms of dehydration (feeling thirsty, having a dry nose and mouth, dizziness, headache, confusion)

Fever lasting more than four days

Symptoms not improving after 10 days

Symptoms that improve but then get worse

Worsening of chronic medical conditions

In addition, if you have certain underlying medical conditions predisposing you to complications, like asthma or lung disease, or are immunocompromised, you should take extra care to watch for early signs of complications and be in touch with a healthcare provider.

Secondary Complications From a Cold

Cold viruses can pave the way for other infections to enter the body. Complications associated with the common cold include:

Acute otitis media (middle ear infection)

Sinus infection

Olfactory (sense of smell) disorders (parosmia, phantosmia, hyposmia, or anosmia)

Croup

Bronchitis

Pneumonia

Asthma attacks

Worsening chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Worsening cystic fibrosis

Complications from a cold can happen to anyone, but they are more common in older people, children, people with lung disease, and those who are immunocompromised.

How to Prevent a Cold

While you can't always prevent catching a cold, there are some ways to lessen the chances. Prevention strategies include:

Avoiding close contact with people who are sick

Washing your hands frequently

Covering your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing

Avoiding touching your face, especially your eyes, nose, and mouth

Avoiding smoking and secondhand smoke

There is no vaccine for the common cold. Since so many viruses can cause the common cold and strains change frequently, developing a vaccine for the cold is difficult.

6 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

MedlinePlus. Common cold.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Common cold.

National Institute on Aging. Is it a cold, the flu, or COVID-19?.

American Lung Association. Facts about the common cold.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Should you give kids medicine for coughs and colds?.

Passioti M, Maggina P, Megremis S, Papadopoulos NG. The common cold: potential for future prevention or cure. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014;14(2):413. doi:10.1007/s11882-013-0413-5

By Kathi Valeii

As a freelance writer, Kathi has experience writing both reported features and essays for national publications on the topics of healthcare, advocacy, and education. The bulk of her work centers on parenting, education, health, and social justice.

 

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Symptoms of a Cold: Coughing, Runny Nose, No Fever, and More

Symptoms of a Cold: Coughing, Runny Nose, No Fever, and More

Skip to main content Home Conditions Back Conditions View All ADD/ADHDAllergiesArthritisAtrial fibrillationBreast CancerCancerCrohn's DiseaseDepressionDiabetesDVTEczemaEye HealthHeart DiseaseHIV & AIDSLung DiseaseLupusMental HealthMultiple SclerosisMigrainePain ManagementPsoriasisPsoriatic ArthritisRheumatoid ArthritisSexual ConditionsSkin ProblemsSleep DisordersUlcerative Colitis View All Drugs & Supplements Back Drugs & SupplementsDrugsSupplementsPill IdentifierInteraction CheckerWell-Being Back Well-Being View All Aging WellBabyBirth ControlChildren's HealthDiet & Weight ManagementFitness & ExerciseFood & RecipesHealthy BeautyMen's HealthParentingPet HealthPregnancySex & RelationshipsTeen HealthWomen's Health View All Symptom CheckerFind a DoctorMore Back MoreNewsBlogsPodcastsWebinarsNewslettersWebMD MagazineBest HospitalsSupport GroupsOrthopedics Privacy & More Subscribe Log In Search Subscribe Cold, Flu, & CoughReferenceUnderstanding Common Cold -- SymptomsMedically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on May 06, 2023 Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors What Are the Symptoms of a Cold?Call Your Doctor About a Cold If:2 min read What Are the Symptoms of a Cold?Symptoms of a cold can be felt about 1-4 days after catching a cold virus. They start with a burning feeling in the nose or throat, followed by sneezing, a runny nose, and a feeling of being tired and unwell. This is the period when you are most contagious -- you can pass the cold to others -- so it's best to stay home and rest.For the first few days, the nose teems with watery nasal secretions. Later, these become thicker and yellower or greener. You may get a mild cough. It won't get much worse, but it is likely to last into the second week of your illness. If you suffer from chronic bronchitis or asthma, a cold will make it worse.Because the common cold weakens your immune system, it can increase the risk of a bacterial superinfection of your sinuses, inner ear, or lungs. Community-acquired pneumonias can start as a common cold. If symptoms get worse, rather than better, after 3-7 days, you may have acquired a bacterial infection. These symptoms can also be caused by a cold virus other than a rhinovirus. Usually, there is no fever; in fact, fever and more severe symptoms may indicate that you have the flu rather than a cold.Cold symptoms typically last for about 3 days. At that point the worst is over, but you may feel congested for a week or more.Except in newborns, colds themselves are not dangerous. They usually go away in 4 to 10 days without any special medicine. Unfortunately, colds do wear down your body's resistance, making you more susceptible to bacterial infections.If your cold is nasty enough, seek medical attention. Your doctor likely will examine your throat, lungs, and ears. If your doctor suspects strep throat, they will take a culture and determine if you have an infection and may need antibiotics. If they suspect pneumonia, you will need a chest X-ray.Call Your Doctor About a Cold If:You notice an inability to swallowYou have a sore throat for more than 2 or 3 days, particularly if it seems to be worseningYou have an earacheYou have a stiff neck or sensitivity to bright lightsYou're pregnant or nursingYour newborn or infant has cold symptomsYour throat hurts and your temperature is 101 degrees F or higherYour cold symptoms worsen after the third day; you may have a secondary bacterial infection Sources Update History ShareSOURCES:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: "Common Cold."Palo Alto Medical Foundation: "The Common Cold."University of Virginia Health System: "Upper Respiratory Infection (URI or Common Cold)."National Jewish Medical and Research Center: "Getting Well When You Have a Cold or the Flu."Medline Plus: "Common Cold."FDA: "Colds and Flu: Time only Sure Cure."American Lung Association: "A Survival Guide for Preventing and Treating Influenza and the Common Cold."UpToDate.How we keep our content up to date:Our medical and editorial staff closely follow the health news cycle, new research, drug approvals, clinical practice guidelines and other developments to ensure our content receives appropriate and timely updates. 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COVID-19, cold, allergies and the flu: What are the differences?COVID-19, the common cold, seasonal allergies and the flu have many similar symptoms. Find out about some of the important differences between these illnesses.By Mayo Clinic Staff

If you have symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it's important that you contact your health care professional right away for medical advice. But COVID-19, the common cold, seasonal allergies and the flu, also called influenza, cause many similar symptoms. So how can you tell if you have COVID-19?

Understand the differences in symptoms that these illnesses cause. And find out how these illnesses spread, are treated and can be prevented.

What is COVID-19, how does it spread and how is it treated?

COVID-19 is a contagious respiratory disease caused by infection with the virus SARS-CoV-2. It usually spreads between people who are in close contact. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets released when someone breathes, coughs, sneezes, talks or sings. These droplets can land in the mouth or nose of someone nearby or be inhaled. The virus also can spread if you touch a surface or object with the virus on it and then touch your mouth, nose or eyes. But this risk is low.

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are a fever, a cough and tiredness. But there are many other possible symptoms.

Many people with COVID-19 may have mild illness and can be treated with supportive care. Currently, a few medicines have been approved to treat COVID-19. No cure is available for COVID-19. Antibiotics aren't effective against viral infections such as COVID-19. Researchers are testing a variety of possible treatments.

What's the difference between COVID-19 and the common cold?

Both COVID-19 and the common cold are caused by viruses. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, while the common cold is most often caused by rhinoviruses. All of these viruses spread in similar ways and cause many of the same symptoms. However, there are a few differences.

Symptom check: Is it COVID-19 or a cold?

Symptom

COVID-19

Cold

Headache

Usually

Rare

Cough

Usually (dry)

Usually

Muscle aches

Usually

Sometimes

Tiredness

Usually

Sometimes

Sneezing

Rarely

Usually

Sore throat

Usually

Usually

Runny or stuffy nose

Usually

Usually

Fever

Usually

Sometimes

Diarrhea

Sometimes

Never

Nausea or vomiting

Sometimes

Never

New loss of taste or smell

Usually (early — often without a runny or stuffy nose)

Sometimes (especially with a stuffy nose)

COVID-19 symptoms usually start 2 to 14 days after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. But symptoms of a common cold usually appear 1 to 3 days after exposure to a cold-causing virus.

There's no cure for the common cold. Treatment may include pain relievers and cold remedies available without a prescription, such as decongestants. Unlike COVID-19, a cold is usually harmless. Most people recover from a common cold in 3 to 10 days. But some colds may last as long as two or three weeks.

What's the difference between COVID-19 and seasonal allergies?

Unlike COVID-19, seasonal allergies aren't caused by a virus. Seasonal allergies are immune system responses triggered by exposure to allergens, such as seasonal tree or grass pollens.

COVID-19 and seasonal allergies cause many of the same symptoms. However, there are some differences.

Symptom check: Is it COVID-19 or seasonal allergies?

Symptom

COVID-19

Allergy

Headache

Usually

Rare

Cough

Usually (dry)

Sometimes

Fever

Usually

Never

Muscle aches

Usually

Never

Tiredness

Usually

Sometimes

Itchy nose, eyes, mouth or inner ear

Never

Usually

Sneezing

Rarely

Usually

Sore throat

Usually

Rarely

Runny or stuffy nose

Usually

Usually

Pink eye (conjunctivitis)

Sometimes

Sometimes

Nausea or vomiting

Sometimes

Never

Diarrhea

Sometimes

Never

New loss of taste or smell

Usually (early — often without a runny or stuffy nose)

Sometimes

COVID-19 can cause shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. But seasonal allergies don't usually cause these symptoms unless you have a respiratory condition such as asthma that can be triggered by pollen exposure.

Treatment of seasonal allergies may include nonprescription or prescription antihistamines, nasal steroid sprays and decongestants, and avoidance of exposure to allergens where possible. Seasonal allergies may last several weeks.

What's the difference between COVID-19 and the flu?

COVID-19 and the flu are both contagious respiratory diseases caused by viruses. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The flu is caused by influenza A and B viruses. All of these viruses spread in similar ways.

COVID-19 and the flu cause similar symptoms. The diseases also can cause no symptoms or cause mild or severe symptoms. Because of the similarities, testing may be done to see if you have COVID-19 or the flu. You also can have both diseases at the same time. However, there are some differences.

Symptom check: Is it COVID-19 or the flu?

Symptom

COVID-19

Flu

Headache

Usually

Usually

Cough

Usually (dry)

Usually

Muscle aches

Usually

Usually

Tiredness

Usually

Usually

Sore throat

Usually

Usually

Runny or stuffy nose

Usually

Usually

Fever

Usually

Usually

Nausea or vomiting

Sometimes

Sometimes (more common in children)

Diarrhea

Sometimes

Sometimes (more common in children)

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

Usually

Usually

New loss of taste or smell

Usually (early — often without a runny or stuffy nose)

Rarely

COVID-19 symptoms generally appear 2 to 14 days after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Flu symptoms usually appear about 1 to 4 days after exposure to an influenza virus.

COVID-19 can cause more-serious illnesses in some people than can the flu. Also, COVID-19 can cause different complications from those of the flu, such as blood clots, post-COVID conditions and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

There are a few antiviral treatments for COVID-19. There are several antiviral drugs that can be used to treat the flu.

Also, you can get an annual flu vaccine to help reduce your risk of the flu. The flu vaccine also can reduce the severity of the flu and the risk of serious complications. The vaccine can be given as a shot or as a nasal spray.

For COVID-19, you can get a 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine to reduce the risk of getting seriously ill with COVID-19.

How can you avoid getting COVID-19, a cold and the flu?

The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. It lowers your risk and lowers the risk that you may spread it to people around you. The CDC recommends a COVID-19 vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older.

The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are:

2023-2024 Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, available for people age 6 months and older.

2023-2024 Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, available for people age 6 months and older.

2023-2024 Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, available for people age 12 years and older.

Get a flu vaccine too. Getting an annual flu vaccine will lower your risk of getting the flu. It can be given as a shot or as a nasal spray. The flu vaccine also lowers the chance you'll have a serious case of flu. It also lowers the risk of serious complications.

You can lower your risk of infection from the viruses that cause the common cold, flu and COVID-19 by following some standard safety measures.

Research suggests that following these measures, such as physical distancing and wearing a face mask, might have helped shorten the length of the flu season and lessened the number of people affected in the 2019-2020 flu season.

Follow these standard precautions:

Get vaccinated against flu and COVID-19.

Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms.

Keep distance between yourself and others when you're in indoor public spaces. This is especially important if you have a higher risk of serious illness. Keep in mind that some people may have COVID-19 and spread the COVID-19 virus to others even if they don't have symptoms or don't know they have COVID-19.

Wear a face mask in indoor public spaces if you're in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. The CDC recommends wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, fits well and is comfortable.

Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.

Avoid crowded indoor spaces and indoor places that have poor air flow, also called ventilation.

Improve the air flow indoors. Open windows. Turn on fans to direct air out of windows. If you can't open windows, consider using air filters. And turn on exhaust fans in your bathroom and kitchen. You also might consider a portable air cleaner.

Cover your mouth and nose with the inside of your elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw away the used tissue. Wash your hands right away.

Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.

Avoid sharing dishes, glasses, towels, bedding and other household items if you're sick.

Regularly clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, such as doorknobs, light switches, electronics and counters.

Stay home from work, school and public areas and stay in isolation at home if you're sick, unless you're going to get medical care. Avoid public transportation, taxis and ride-hailing services if you're sick.

How can you prevent allergies?

The best way to prevent seasonal allergies is to avoid your known triggers. If you're allergic to pollen, stay inside with windows and doors closed when there's a lot of pollen in the air.

Wearing a face mask also might provide some protection against seasonal allergies. Masks can prevent you from inhaling some larger pollen particles. However, smaller pollen particles can get through a mask. It's also important to wash your mask after each use since a mask might carry pollen particles.

If you think you might have symptoms of COVID-19, talk to your health care professional. Remember, taking preventive measures can help you stay healthy.

 

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Show references

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): How COVID-19 spreads. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html. Accessed Oct. 3, 2022.

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What is the difference between a cold and flu?

Influenza (flu) and the common cold are both contagious respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different viruses. Flu is caused by influenza viruses only, whereas the common cold can be caused by a number of different viruses, including rhinoviruses, parainfluenza, and seasonal coronaviruses. Seasonal coronaviruses should not be confused with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Because flu and the common cold have similar symptoms, it can be difficult to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. In general, flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are typically more intense and begin more abruptly. Colds are usually milder than flu. People with colds are more likely to have a runny or stuffy nose than people who have flu. Colds generally do not result in serious health problems, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections, or hospitalizations. Flu can have serious associated complications.

How can you tell the difference between a cold and flu?

Because colds and flu share many symptoms, it can be difficult (or even impossible) to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. Special tests can tell if a person is sick with flu.

What are the symptoms of flu versus the symptoms of a cold?

The symptoms of flu can include fever or feeling feverish/chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue (tiredness). Cold symptoms are usually milder than the symptoms of flu. People with colds are more likely to have a runny or stuffy nose. Colds generally do not result in serious health problems.

Page last reviewed: September 29, 2022 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)

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Common cold - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic

Common cold - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic

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Common cold

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DiagnosisYou usually don't need medical care for a common cold. But if symptoms get worse or don't go away, see your health care provider.

Most people with a common cold can be diagnosed by their symptoms. Your care provider may take a nasal or throat swab to rule out other illnesses. A chest X-ray may be ordered to rule out a lung illness.

TreatmentThere's no cure for the common cold. Most cases of the common cold get better without treatment within 7 to 10 days. But a cough may last a few more days.

The best thing you can do is take care of yourself while your body heals. Care tips include:

Rest.

Drink plenty of liquids.

Humidify the air.

Use saline nasal rinses.

Antibiotics do not treat cold viruses. They are used to treat illnesses caused by bacteria.

Pain relieversPain relievers you can buy without a prescription can lessen the discomfort of a sore throat, headache or fever.

For adults. Nonprescription pain relief for adults includes:

Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).

For children. Guidelines for pain relief medicines for children include the following:

Do not give children or teenagers aspirin. Aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare life-threatening condition, in children or teenagers who have the flu or chickenpox.

Use children-strength, nonprescription pain relievers. These include children's acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others).

For children younger than 3 months old, don't use acetaminophen until your baby has been seen by a health care provider.

Don't give ibuprofen to a child younger than 6 months old or to children who are vomiting frequently.

Use these medicines for the shortest time possible and follow label directions to avoid side effects.

Call your health care provider if you have questions about the right dose.

Decongestant nasal spraysFor adults. Adults can use decongestant drops or sprays for up to five days. These help a stuffy nose. Prolonged use can cause the return of symptoms.

For children. Children younger than 6 years old shouldn't use decongestant drops or sprays. Talk to your doctor before using nasal decongestants in children older than 6 years.

Cough syrupsNonprescription cough and cold medicines are used to treat the symptoms of coughs and colds, not the underlying disease. Research suggests that these medicines don't work any better to treat colds than a placebo, an inactive medicine used in research.

For adults. Follow these tips for nonprescription cough and cold medicines:

Read and follow the label directions.

Don't take two medicines with the same active ingredient, such as an antihistamine, decongestant or pain reliever. Too much of a single ingredient could lead to an accidental overdose.

For children. Nonprescription cough and cold medicines aren't typically recommended for children. These medicines have potentially serious side effects, including fatal overdoses in children younger than 2 years old. Talk to your child's doctor before using any nonprescription cough and cold medicine in children.

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Lifestyle and home remediesTo make yourself as comfortable as possible when you have a cold, try these tips:

Drink plenty of fluids. Water, juice, clear broth or warm lemon water are good choices. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can increase fluid loss.

Sip warm liquids. Chicken soup, tea, warm apple juice or other warm liquids can soothe a sore throat and loosen a stuffy nose. Honey may help coughs in adults and children who are older than age 1. Try it in hot tea. Do not give honey to children younger than 1 year old because of the risk of an illness called infant botulism.

Rest. Rest as much as possible. Stay home from work or school if you have a fever or a bad cough. Do not go out if you are drowsy after taking medicine.

Adjust your room's temperature and humidity. Keep your room warm, but not overheated. If the air is dry, a cool-mist humidifier can help with stuffiness and coughing. Clean your humidifier as directed to prevent the growth of bacteria and molds.

Use a saltwater gargle. A saltwater gargle of 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon (1250 to 2500 milligrams) of table salt in 4 to 8 fluid ounces (120 to 240 milliliters) of warm water can help soothe a sore throat. Gargle the solution and then spit it out. Most children younger than 6 years aren't able to gargle properly.

Try other throat soothers. Use ice chips, lozenges or hard candy to soothe a sore throat. Use caution when giving lozenges or hard candy to children because they can choke on them. Don't give lozenges or hard candy to children younger than 6 years.

Try saline nasal drops or sprays. Saline nasal drops or sprays can keep nasal passages moist and loosen mucus.

Use a suction bulb for younger children. In infants and younger children, apply saline nasal drops, wait for a short period and then use a suction bulb to draw mucus out of each nostril. Insert the bulb syringe about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6 to 12 millimeters).

More InformationCold remediesHumidifiersNeti pot: Can it clear my nose?Vicks VapoRub: An effective nasal decongestant?Warm-mist versus cool-mist humidifier: Which is better for a cold?Show more related information

Alternative medicineThe science isn't clear on alternative cold remedies such as vitamin C, echinacea and zinc. Because studies of alternative cold remedies in children are limited, these remedies are most often not recommended for use in children. Here's an update on some popular choices:

Vitamin CTaking vitamin C is unlikely to prevent the common cold. Some studies have found that taking vitamin C before cold symptoms start may shorten the length of time you have symptoms.

EchinaceaStudy results for echinacea are mixed. Some studies show no benefit. Others show that echinacea may lessen symptoms and shorten the recovery time when taken in the early stages of a cold. Different types of echinacea used in different studies may be a reason for mixed results.

Echinacea seems to work best if you take it when you notice cold symptoms and continue it for 7 to 10 days. It appears to be safe for healthy adults, but it can interact with many drugs. Check with your doctor before taking echinacea or any other supplement.

ZincSeveral studies show that zinc supplements may reduce the length of a cold. But research has turned up mixed results about zinc and colds.

Some studies show that zinc lozenges or syrup reduce the length of a cold by about one day, especially when taken within 24 to 48 hours of the first signs and symptoms of a cold.

Zinc also has potentially harmful side effects. Intranasal zinc might cause permanent damage to the sense of smell. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning against using zinc-containing nasal cold remedies because they are associated with a long-lasting or permanent loss of smell.

Talk to your doctor before considering the use of zinc to prevent or reduce the length of colds.More InformationDo zinc supplements shorten colds?

Preparing for your appointmentIf you or your child has cold symptoms that don't go away or get worse, make an appointment with your health care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.

What you can doMake a list of:

Your or your child's symptoms and when they began.

Key personal information, including major stresses, other health conditions and exposure to people who've been ill.

Medicines, vitamins or supplements you or your child takes.

Questions to ask your health care provider.

For a common cold, questions to ask may include:

What's likely causing these symptoms?

Are there other possible causes?

Are tests needed?

What treatment approach do you recommend?

What treatments should be avoided?

How soon do you expect symptoms to improve?

Is my child or am I contagious? When is it safe to return to school or work?

What self-care steps might help?

My child or I have other health conditions. How can we manage them together?

Don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment.

What to expect from your doctorYour health care provider is likely to ask you questions, such as:

How long have you had symptoms?

Have symptoms been continuous?

On a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate the seriousness of the symptoms?

Did symptoms improve and then worsen?

What, if anything, seems to improve the symptoms?

What, if anything, worsens symptoms?

Your care provider will ask additional questions based on your answers, symptoms and needs. Preparing for questions will help you make the most of your time with the provider.

By Mayo Clinic Staff

Request an appointment

Symptoms & causes

May 24, 2023

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Show references

AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2017-2018. Pediatrics. 2017; doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2550.

Sullivan JE, et al. Clinical report — Fever and antipyretic use in children. Pediatrics. 2011; doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3852. Reaffirmed July 2016.

314 labeling of drug preparations containing salicylates. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=76be002fc0488562bf61609b21a6b11e&mc=true&node=se21.4.201_1314&rgn=div8. Accessed Feb. 22, 2018.

Renaud DL (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 27, 2018.

Common colds: Protect yourself and others. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

AskMayoExpert. Upper respiratory tract infection. Mayo Clinic; 2019.

Common cold. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/respiratory-viruses/common-cold?query=Common%20Cold. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Common cold. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Natural medicines for cold and flu. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Green JL, et al. Safety profile of cough and cold medication use in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2017; doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3070.

When to give kids medicine for coughs and colds. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/when-give-kids-medicine-coughs-and-colds. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

Sexton DJ, et al. The common cold in adults: Treatment and prevention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 21, 2021.

Vitamin C. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Echinacea. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Zinc. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021.

Sore throats. American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery. https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/sore-throats/. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

Pappas DE. The common cold in children: Management and prevention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 23, 2021.

Baughn JM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 12, 2021.

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